several of the fallen party, they undertook the assassination of Maurice. The conspiracy being discovered, the conspirators, with the exception of a few who escaped, were put to death. The mother of the Barneveldts implored of the Prince of Orange to pardon the son who had been arrested. "Yet you refused," he said, "to ask the life of your husband." "He was not guilty," replied the noble-minded woman. Her son was executed. But his younger brother, the actual head of the conspiracy, fled the country (1623).

We said of John Van Olden Barneveldt, that he was born of the right rank, at the right time, and in the right place. Nor is this to be unsaid in consequence of his fate. He died as most men to whom their race owes much have died. Such as are content to live upon the ordinary, level die in their beds, and rest in marble mausoleums. They who struggle towards the heights, they, above all, who would lead others after them, generally perish at the stake, their ashes, even, being cast to the winds. It is these, however, who really live in later times. Their spirit goes abroad, like the relics dishonored by their executioners. The influence of the other class seems weighed down, barred in by the monuments with which they have been ostensibly honored. The martyr is the seed of all progress, of all truth. "I do not wish," said Barneveldt, the night before his execution, "to accuse my judges. But this I will say, that I live in a time when new principles are to be upheld." Had he clung to old ones, he would have died the minister of Maurice, the man of wealth, of state, of power. But, grasping after new ones, he died in weakness, in disgrace, and in poverty, yet-the Patriot of Holland.

Is he not more? Shall he not be one of the patriots of America? There are more reasons for it than the duty and the joy of embracing all great men as our own.

A few miles from the spot where Barneveldt fell, there dwelt a band of exiles. They had fled from persecution and from death in England. Of all the nation among whom they sought refuge, no one could have worn a nobler look to them. than Barneveldt. He was the champion of the same principles for which they had gone into banishment. When he died, the victim of his own countrymen, these exiles turned to other shores. The next year, a number of them landed at Plymouth (1620).

Four years afterwards, the colonists of New Amsterdam arrived (1624). They came from the same shores, from the same scenes, on the other side. No name could have been more familiar to them than that of Barneveldt.

So it crossed the sea. So it lingered amongst the settlers of New England and New York. It would be revived whenever the heart yearned towards the true and the pure beyond the waves. As time passed, as the number of the great amongst our fathers increased, some of those who had been great in their eyes were forgotten. It is not too late, however, to restore these shattered images. Let John Van Olden Barneveldt, at least, be once more included amongst our great

men.

EFFECT OF EMIGRATION UPON AMERICAN
PRODUCTIONS.

I. ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY ON COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION, 1840 To 1853.

II. ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY ON THE STATE OF THE FINANCES, 1840 to 1853.

EMIGRATION is the great social problem of the day. Through the instrumentality of houses with well-established and intelligent agencies in every part of Western Europe, the discontented, the poor, the wretched, the humble, the political refugee, the well-off agriculturist from the interior of Germany, the artizan and small tradesman in its towns, the shivering Irish peasant with scarcely rags enough to cover his nakedness, the Birmingham smith, the Welsh miner, the Manchester spinner, and the London cockney, are all moving upon us. With a fair amount of comfort, or rather with a reasonable absence of discomfort, with a more than average safety against disease (the malignant cholera excepted), and at an incredibly small expense, they are transported from their homes, it may be hundreds of miles from the sea shore, and brought to the land of plenty and promise. A few days serve to find them employment or to carry them to a new Western home, and a few years to make citizens of the adult males. Meanwhile, they are recognized as entitled to the protection of our banner. They make our shoes, build our houses, decorate our saloons, dig our canals, construct our railways, fight our battles, serve in our police, sit upon our

judicial benches, and even represent us in monarchical Europe-a practical picture of the advantage in turning the back upon a land of privilege.

The census authorities, in whose accuracy we have some doubt, estimate that there were in the country in 1850 over 4,000,000 emigrants and descendants of emigrants since 1790. Others estimate them at over 5,000,000. It is immaterial, in this connection, which is the more correct. The majority of the foreign-born population now living within the Republic, have come here within the last ten years, during which time we have had official returns approximating to correctness.

Although time enough has not yet elapsed for the full development of the influences of such an addition to our population, we are not without means for arriving at partial results, which, taken with a proper allowance, are too striking to be passed by. For six months or a year after their arrival, the agricultural emigrants are non-producers. The mechanics probably find employment earlier, but even they do not at once force themselves into regular channels of business. The females become servants, and the laborers are employed on the public works and on the farms in New York and in New England. A very small proportion are found, at least until a later period of their citizenship, in the higher branches of commerce or the professions. About one-third of the whole only, have yet penetrated to the West, so that their influence is mainly confined to the older States, and is of course less patent to the eye. All these things would make it difficult to detect and measure the effect of the addition to population, even if there had been a longer time for observation. The late census enables us to do it partially; and we have thought it would not be uninteresting to endeavor to trace the relation between cause and effect in the late rapid growth of the United States, or rather the relation between one of the causes, and the effect.

We cannot pretend to do this work with anything like completeness: a book might be written without exhausting the subject. Neither shall we try to bring the statistics to the present year. We could do so only in certain branches, and but imperfectly with them. It is better by resting a year or two back, to secure greater accuracy and correspondence. It is rather our aim to excite inquiry in the minds of others, than to exhaust the subject ourselves. It is one of so many and interesting ramifications, that we shall be content if, by touching in the most cursory manner consecutively upon our

Commerce, Navigation, National Revenue, Agriculture, and Manufactures, and showing their rapid expansion simultaneously with emigration, we can induce anyone to pursue the inquiry more into detail. There are those who regard this addition to our numbers, of persons unused to self-government, and unacquainted with the spirit of our institutions, as dangerous to the safety of the Union under which we have hitherto prospered.

The United States have great natural advantages for the prosecution of an extensive commerce. Its territory occupies the temperate country between Europe and Asia, through which an artificial communication, when created, can be maintained without discomfort at all seasons of the year. The rich plains of the South and West yield bulky crops for exportation. These advantages, denied to the East and North, are compensated for, by a climate, more variable indeed than that of Western Europe, but rarely so hot as to enervate, and never so cold as to close our harbors against the ocean; by natural means of communication capable of being perfected by art at a comparatively trifling cost; and by spacious harbors, large enough to float the shipping of the world. The forests of the South and West again contribute almost inexhaustible supplies of timber; the mines of Pennsylvania_furnish iron and coal in equal abundance; the shores of Lake Superior are profuse with copper; North Carolina gives tar; Kentucky grows flax, and Alabama cotton, which the mills of Massachusetts convert to rope and sails. The banks of Newfoundland offer a school to the seamen, whom the whalefisheries perfect amid the ice of the Arctic seas. A line of coast, upon the Pacific, of nearly equal extent with that upon the Atlantic, affords shelter and harbor for commerce there. The valley of the Mississippi is permeated with navigable streams; the Hudson, the Delaware, the Susquehanna, the Potomac, and other rivers on the Atlantic coast, also afford great, but from our familiarity with them, unappreciated facilities for internal navigation. The five great Lakes on the Canadian frontier cover an area of ninety thousand square miles, and are connected with each other by natural rivers or by canals, with the Atlantic ports and the Mississippi by canals, and with the ocean by the St. Lawrence. The difficulties to be overcome in passing from one of these natural sections to the other are trivial. One lock within ten miles of Lake Michigan, lifts the boat on the Illinois canal to the summit between the Lake and the Mississippi. And the people themselves, or at least that portion which gives the

national language, are descended of a maritime and commercial stock.

We are favored, also, with neighbors whose productions and wants are sufficiently dissimilar from our own to keep alive an active trade. The degenerate race which, emasculated by climate, priestcraft, tyranny, and anarchy, have made a social desert of Mexico, are not large consumers of the products of our industry. But a profitable commerce is maintained with the West Indian Archipelago, almost entirely in American bottoms, supplying them with food, wood, soap, tallow, candles, nails, castings, and cottons, and taking from them their sugar and tobacco. Our ships take the coffee of Brazil, and deliver the surplus in Trieste, Italy, and Belgium. The province of New Brunswick is covered with valuable forests, and watered with streams and lakes abounding in fish; and the deep tides on the coast effectually prevent any formation of ice to impede navigation. Its inhabitants, in return for their productions, are supplied from the United States with corn, flour, hard pine and oak for ship-building, and with American and British manufactures. Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, the keys to the navigation of the American coast, furnish us with large supplies of coal, fish, gypsum, and wood, all bulky articles, and take American manufactures in exchange. Nearly two-thirds of the inward tonnage of this province in 1851, was from the United States. And to the north, separated from us and connected with us by the green waters of the St. Lawrence, are the Canadas, "the brightest jewel in the British crown." The lower province produces little but timber for export. The hard winters make highways for the lumberman of the rivers and lakes, which the hot suns of summer again convert into rapid streams to float his year's work to Quebec; where it is loaded directly from the river, and shipped to England. Since the change in the navigation laws, a fair proportion of this trade is done in American vessels. The "garden of Canada" is in the peninsula between the lakes. Surrounded by extensive sheets of water, and favored with the richest soil, it yields in abundance all the productions of the neighboring States,-corn of the best quality, maize, the potato, the peach, the apple, the pear. It has shared the recent emigration with us, and has received. also a great impulse from us; as the shortest route from New York to Michigan and Wisconsin, to which States mainly the native emigration of New York travels, lies across it. Its corn, wool, and other productions, are consumed to a considerable extent in the Union, and are exported from our ports