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evidently knew London nature well. simple might have tempted buyers, but the most remote chance of seeing the tigers walk about loose, of getting into real danger, was absolutely irresistible.

A STRANGE anatomical phenomenon, says the Indépendance Belge, has just been brought to light at Tornay. A post-mortem examination of a young non-commissioned officer, who had died in the military hospital, has shown that all the internal organs were reversed, thus the heart was on the right side, and the liver on the left, &c. Despite that peculiarity, he had always enjoyed excellent health, and died ultimately of typhus fever.

MADEMOISELLE RIGOLBOCHE, the toast of the Paris cafés two or three years ago, is dead. This girl excited a similar sensation to that which Thérésa, the songstress, has recently made. The printshops of Paris were crowded by beardless boys and moustachioed men in search of her photograph, taken in every conceivable attitude. The bookshops exhibited "Mémoires de Rigolboche," with portraits of the danseuse in various positions; and a mad volume of illustrations bearing the title of "La Rigolbochomanie, Croquis Lithographiques et Charègraphiques, par Charles Vernier," was issued by the publisher of Charivari. In this last work, all Paris is pictured as having gone mad with a desire to imitate the steps and twisting of the favorite of the Château des Fleurs and La Jardin Mabile. The name became a rage, and everything was called after her: thus there were cravats à la Rigolboche, Rigolboche boots, Rigolboche gloves, and a score of other things. As the dancer ceased to attract, the books about her became waste paper, and the poor creature died in the ward of a public hospital, and was buried in the Fosse Commune.

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SIR J. T. COLERIDGE, in a letter to the Guardian, proposes to furnish a memoir of the late Mr. Keble. In the mean time he corrects an error as to the age of the deceased. "Without being able now," he says, "to state precisely his birthday, I believe confidently that he was only eighteen Easter, 1810-when he passed his examination and was placed in both first classes. This would make him seventy-four, and not seventy-seven. It was part of his glory to have achieved that, and subsequent successes, at an unusually early age." Sir John Coleridge adds: "It would be wrong to say that the Church of England has lost one of her brightest ornaments in losing one of her most dutiful and loyal sons; for he remains her ornament. His work, too, remains; the spirit which animated him, and the example he set, will still exert, by God's blessing, their influence upon us; thousands upon thousands ten times told will hang over the Christian Year' with a tenderness only increased by the thought that he who wrote it has passed away to his rest and reward. But the many who in trouble of heart came to him and found comfort and assurance under the guidance of his wise and gentle spirit will feel that they have sustained a loss which can never be supplied."

DESTINY.

OLAF and Gonthron, abbot's thralls,
Were hewing abbey wood;

Pine beams for chancel roof they sought,
And oak beams for the rood.

Around them north and south there rose
The cuckoo flowers in bloom;
But overhead the raven croaked,
Amid the pine-trees' gloom.

Blue miles of drooping hyacinths
Spread where the saplings grew;
But still the raven boded ill,

Above them out of view.
The violets long had passed away;
But where the axes rang
All in between the hazel stems-
The purple orchis sprang.

The wild deer eyed them down the dell.
Down from the great beech-tree
The climbing squirrel turned to look,
And watched them silently.

The sunshine, barred with shadow-firs,
Cast gleams across the dell;
The thrushes piped and fluted
Where'er the sunbeams fell.
Woodpeckers ceased no measured toil,
Hearing the woodmen's tread;
No merry blackbird hushed his song;
No echoing cuckoo fled.

With axes glittering keen and bright,
Amid the fir-trees' line;

With song and psalm and gibe and curse
They hewed a stately pine.

In splashing showers the splinters flew
Around them as they wrought;
Deep in the centre of the glade
They'd found the tree they sought,
A giant mainmast, -massy, huge,
All jagg'd with broken spars,
With lessening ledges of close boughs,
Impierceable by stars.

They clove it slowly, gash by gash,

With ever hungry steel ;Slowly before their stalwart arms The tree began to reel.

"Who knows," quoth Olaf, laughing-eyed,
"This tree that soon will fall
May prove a gibbet for some wretch
To swing and scare us all?"

Then Gonthron laughed, and bit his beard,
And said, "Why Olaf, man,
We hew the beams for the organ-loft

And for a shaven clan."

Just then, beneath the heaving roots,
They saw a brazen urn
Brimming with coined Roman gold,

That made their wild eyes burn.
They ran to it, they fought for it,
They grappled in their pride;
Till wild beast Gonthron struck his knife
Into fierce Olaf's side.

On that day week the raven sat
Above the fir-trees' line,
And croaked his prophecies fulfilled
Upon the gibbet pine.

Above the spot that still was red

With murdered Olaf's blood

Swang Gonthron-he, the abbot's thrall, Who'd hewed the gibbet wood.

W. T.

VOL. I.]

Journal of Choice Reading,

SELECTED FROM FOREIGN CURRENT LITERATURE.

SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1866.

[No. 19.

some relation between the symptoms of choleraic collapse and the loss of fluid by vomiting and purging. Yet the authority of all who have written upon cholera from much experience, in India and in Europe, affirms that there is no such direct relation; that they often bear even an inverse ratio to one another. Cholera cases have been most malignant where there was least passage of fluid from the intestines. If there were any correspondence between loss of fluid and degree of collapse, it would still have to be shown that they stood to each other in the relation of cause and effect, that they were not effects of a common cause. But in fact, so far as there is any relation at all between the discharge of fluid from the system and the peril of collapse, it points to the existence, not of a direct, but of an in

verse ratio between them.

THE FIRST BLOW AGAINST CHOLERA. THERE is every reason to expect that we shall hear more of Cholera next summer, and that it may come nearer home to us than it did last year. While politicians have been sitting in conference for the arrest of the outlawry of the disease as a political offender, one of the most eminent of our English physicians has been ripening the fruits of his own study and experience, and he has within the last few weeks given them to the public in a little book of" Notes on Cholera," which concerns the public very much. For in that small book of about a hundred lightly printed pages there is given to the world what the foremost members of the medical profession are now readily accepting as the first true and complete explanation of the disease, which is moreover such a demonstration as Again, if the collapse in cholera be caused by the immediately excludes the method of treatment found-watery constituents of the blood, it should have such ed upon a mistaken theory hitherto dominant, the symptoms as an excessive drain of fluid from the blood method which has actually aggravated danger, is known usually to produce. The collapse caused by killed, instead of cured. a profuse drain from the blood is marked by a small and frequent pulse, pale skin, dim sight, and singing in the ears; symptoms so much increased by the erect posture, that in extreme cases the raising of the head, even for a moment, from the pillow causes fainting. The collapse of cholera is quite different from this. There is the peculiar blueness and coldness, with other symptoms indicating interference with aeration of the blood; and the patient, whose skin is blue and icy cold, with a pulse hardly perceptible, is often able to stand up, and even walk. Several authors have expressed their surprise at the amount of muscular exertion of which even a cold and pulseless patient is capable. Again, the patient, exhausted by drain from the blood, whether of water alone or of the blood constituents, slowly recovers strength.

oil.

The first real blow struck against Cholera is the discovery of what it is. For the physicians are its true antagonists, and knowledge of their enemy is the condition of successful battle. Some of our readers may remember that at the time of the cholera epidemic in 1854, Dr. George Johnson, who was then, as now, physician to King's College Hospital, and whose credit stood high in his profession for important original additions that had been made by him to the known pathology of disease of the kidney, strongly supported, by results of his own hospital experience, the treatment of cholera with castor He spoke with knowledge and with reason, though he is now convinced that he often gave excessive quantities of castor oil. Upon what path of inquiry he was travelling when he made that recommendation we are now quite able to understand. A cholera patient who recovers, is himself again The true doctrine of the nature of cholera is ex-in a few days. "I have seen," says Mr. Grainger, plained in his little book with a masterly clearness" a man stand at his door on Wednesday, who on and cogency, is really unassailable by any rebutting Monday was in perfect collapse"; and a professionfacts, and will henceforth pass bodily into every al observer of the disease in India speaks of recovgood text-book upon the character and treatment of eries from cholera as almost as sudden and comdisease. plete as in cases of patients who are resuscitated after suspension of animation from submersion in water."

The theory hitherto dominant has been that the worst symptoms of the disease are caused by the drain of fluid from the blood. The treatment, therefore, has been to check purging by opiates and astringents, and even to restore to the blood its lost constituents by saline injections into the veins.

But if this were so, it is argued, there would be *Notes on Cholera, ita Nature and Treatment. By GEORGE Joussos, M. D., Professor of Medicine in King's College, London.

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Again, compare results of treatment in collapse through drain of liquid from the blood and in collapse through cholera. In one case wine or brandy will soon cause improvement of the pulse and visibly assist recovery. Give them in the collapse of cholera, as they have been given freely and boldly, and the patient will even grow colder, his pulse dimin

ish in volume and power, apparently as a direct result of the stimulant. Or again, no sane physician would order venesection as a remedy for collapse from a drain upon the blood, yet it has been a puzzle to physicians in India that blood-letting in cholera does not produce syncope, but often a relief that seems miraculous. A man struck by cholera was brought to one physician unable to move a limb, and, except that he could speak and breathe, to touch and sight a corpse. Free bleeding enabled him in half an hour to walk home with his friends. Sir Ranald Martin tells how his farrier major was reported dying of cholera, and he found, using the language of the theory now happily disposed of, "that during the night he had been drained of all the fluid portion of his blood." Sir Ranald opened a vein. The blood oozed at first like a dark treacle, presently flowed freely, of its own natural red color, and he who had been dying a moment before, stood up and said, "Sir, you have made a new man of me."

tral fact "that the passage of blood through the lungs from the right to the left side of the heart is, in a greater or less degree, impeded." This fact is also demonstrated by the appearances observed in the heart, blood-vessels, and lungs after death. The right side of the heart, and the pipes leading thence to the lungs, are filled, often distended, with blood; the left side of the heart is almost or entirely empty. The tissue of the lungs is pale and dense, containing less than the usual amount of blood and air. That is the state of things when death has occurred from collapse; and, on the other hand, there is a great engorgement of the lungs when death has occurred in the febrile stage, which often follows reaction. In the state of collapse, venesection, by relieving the over-distension of the right cavities of the heart, restores to them their contractile power. And it is this impediment to passage of blood through the lungs that, reducing the flow through the arteries to a minimum, causes shrinking of the skin, collapse of the features, and sinking of the eyeballs by reason of the more or less complete emptiness of the branches of the artery that brings them their supply of blood.

Such experience, which represents the rule, not the exception, is utterly incompatible with the old doctrine that loss of blood, or of constituents of blood, is the cause of the fatal collapse in cholera. But what is the cause of this blockade of the cirIn the cholera epidemic of 1849, the cases brought culation? Not mechanical thickening by loss of into King's College Hospital were treated, in accord- fluids, for we have seen how untenable that notion ance with accepted doctrine, by liberal doses of is. And the occurrence of collapse is often remarkbrandy and opium, to stimulate the circulation and able for suddenness. Sir William Burnet, in his to check discharge. Under this treatment the mor- Report on Cholera in the Black Sea Fleet, gives tality was very great, and it was changed for an the account of a surgeon who says, "the attacks were administration of large quantities of salt and water. in many cases so sudden, that many men fell as if This excited frequent vomiting, and rather increased they had drunk the concentrated poison of the upasthe purging, but it increased the number of recov-tree." Blood-thickening by drain of fluid cannot eries. Observation of the results of these two op- happen thus in a minute or two. Thickening there posite modes of treatment produced the train of is, but as a necessary consequence, not as a cause, thought which led Dr. George Johnson, when he of the arrest of circulation in the vessels that conhimself had charge of the hospital during the epi-vey the blood from the right side of the heart into demic of 1854, to act on his conclusion that the com- the lungs. monly received theory of choleraic collapse is erro- Dr. George Johnson's explanation of the stopneous. He gave emetics and purgatives with fair page is, that the poison of the disease, having ensuccess, and in all cases of premonitory symptoms tered into the blood, acts as an irritant upon the in medical officers, pupils, nurses, or other patients muscular tissue, as is shown by the painful cramps of the hospital, he gave castor oil, a treatment inva-it occasions; that it thus acts in producing contracriably followed by recovery. During the epidemic of 1849, several nurses and patients so seized had been promptly treated by opiates, passed into collapse, and died.

In a number of the British Medical Journal, Mr. Watkins tells that having observed in 1854 the mortality under treatment by opium, at a time when the epidemic was increasing both in number of cases and severity, he treated twenty-one cases by repeated doses of castor oil, and nineteen recovered. colleague treated seven cases by full doses of opium, and every one died.

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The morbid poison which is the exciting cause of cholera, and which may enter the blood either through the lungs or through the stomach, causes also that copious secretion from the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, by which nature endeavors to get rid of the perilous intruder. The secretion is, probably, as much a part of the natural process of cure as the eruption on the skin in case of small-pox. At any rate, no patient ever recovered from small-pox without the appearance of the eruption, and no patient ever recovered from cholera without some vomiting and purging.

The blue skin, the more or less hurried and difficult breathing, the coldness and the great diminution of the volume and force of the pulse in choleraic collapse, point, says Dr. Johnson, to the great cen

tion of the minute capillary vessels of the lungs into which the heart injects the blood for aeration, and that the result of this contraction is entirely to arrest or to impede the flow of the blood through the lungs, whence it should pass revivified into the arterial system.

We need not dwell upon further evidence that this arrest of blood at its entrance to the lungs is the true cause of the collapse in cholera, or on the way in which the chemistry of life will be affected by impediment to aeration of the blood. The blood in cholera is black and thick only during the stage of collapse, as a simple consequence of the deficient supply of oxygen. One curious fact, however, Dr. Johnson mentions, and shows how exactly it confirms his theory. While other secretions fail, that of milk, during collapse from cholera, remains abundant. This has been observed by others, and variously accounted for. The explanation now given is, that the chief constituents of milk, — casein, sugar, oil, and water, may be obtained from the blood without the addition of oxygen.

The fact that immediate but not permanent relief has been obtained by hot injections into the veins this theory accounts for by the mechanical action of the fluid in diluting the irritant poison, and the effect of its heat in overcoming for a little time the contractile force of the capillaries.

The last link in the chain of the argument is evidence of the presence of a morbid poison in the blood as cause of cholera. But this fact is generally admitted, and the evidence by which it is supported we will take for granted. So we come to what is the main question for the public. If this be, as it surely is, the true theory of the action of cholera poison, of what practical use is it? It teaches the physician to walk in the light where he has hitherto walked in the dark. It tells him how to assist nature, and how he may avoid interfering with the process by which nature herself labors towards cure.

AN ADVENTURE IN THE GREAT
PYRAMID.

THE state of Coleridge's mind when he wrote his fragments of Kubla Khan must have nearly resembled that of any reasonably excitable person during a first visit to Cairo. Just a degree too vivid to be a natural dream; many degrees too beautiful and wonderful to be an ordinary daylight vision, the rich dim courts, the glorious mosques, the marble fountains, the showers of southern sunlight poured on stately palm-tree and slow-moving camel, and shifting, many-hued crowd, -all form together a scene such as no stage in the world may parallel for strangeness and splendor. One day spent in roaming aimlessly through the bazaars, and the gardens, and the mosques of Hassan and the Gama Tayloon, does more to reveal to us what Eastern life means what is the background of each great Eastern story, the indescribable atmosphere which pervades all Eastern literature- than could be gained by years of study.

At least, I can speak from experience that it was such a revelation to me, and one so immeasurably delightful that, having performed the long journey to Egypt mainly with the thought of the attractions of the ruins of Thebes and Memphis, Karnak and Phila, I waited patiently for a fortnight within sight of the Pyramids without attempting to visit them, satisfied with the endless interest of the living town. At last the day came when the curiosity of some quarter of a century (since that epoch in a child's life, the reading of Belzoni) could no longer be deferred. I had a concern, as good folks say, to visit Cheops that particular morning, and to Cheops I went, mounted on the inevitable donkey, and accompanied by a choice specimen of that genus of scamp, the Cairene donkey-boy. Unluckily I had overnight ordered my dragoman to wait in Cairo for certain expected mails, and bring them to me in Old Cairo whenever they might arrive; and of course the order involved my loss of his services for the entire day, spent by him, no doubt, with my letters in his pocket, at a coffee-shop. Thus it happened that my little expedition wanted all guidance or assistance, such acquaintances as I possessed in Cairo being otherwise occupied on that particular morning, and not even knowing of my intention.

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Arrived at the ferry of the Nile, just above the Isle of Rhoda, it was with considerable satisfaction that I found a party of pleasant English ladies and gentlemen also proceeding to the Pyramids. Their time, however, was limited by the departure of the Overland Mail that day, and of course they could make no delay as they seemed kindly disposed to do to keep up with me and my wretched donkey, or rather donkey-boy.

on a non-progressive donkey, unarmed with any available whip, stick, spur, or other instrument of cruelty, and wholly at the mercy of a treacherous conductor, who pretends to belabor your beast, and only makes him kick, and keeps you behind your party, when you have every reason in the world to wish to retain your place in it. Only one thing is worse, a mule which carries you through a whole day of weary Alpine climbing, just too far from all your friends to exchange more than a scream at intervals. If there chance on such an excursion to be ten pleasant people of your party, and one unpleasant one, whom you particularly wish neither to follow nor seem to follow, it is inevitably that particular objectionable person whose mule your mule will go after, and press past every one else to get at, and drag your arm out of its socket if you try to turn it back, and finally make you wish that an avalanche would fall and bury you and the demon-brate you have got under you in the abyss forever. On horseback you are a lord (or lady) of creation, with the lower animal subject unto you. On mule-back, or ass-back, you are a bale of goods, borne with contumely at the will of the vilest of beasts, not where you please, but where, when, and how, it pleases.

To return to my expedition to the Pyramids. Very soon the English party were out of sight, and slowly and wearily I was led a zigzag course through fields of young growing corn, and palmgroves, and past the poor mud villages of the Fellah-Arabs. Mud, indeed, occupies in Egypt an amazing prominence in every view. Mud hovels, mud fields, where the rank vegetation is only beginning to spring through the deposit of the inundation, mud-dams across a thousand channels and ditches, and finally the vast yellow mud-banks of the mighty Nile. If man were first created in Egypt, it is small marvel that his bodily force should be a "muddy vesture of decay." In the course of my pilgrimage on this particular day my donkeyboy cleverly guided me into a sort of peninsula of mud, out of which there was no exit (short of returning on our steps) save by crossing a stream of some three or four feet deep. As usual in Egypt, two or three brown Arabs arose immediately when wanted, from the break of rushes, and volunteered to carry me across on their shoulders, their blackshish, of course, being divided with the ingenious youth who had brought me into the trap. What it costs to the olfactory organs to be carried by Fellah-Arabs, language altogether fails to describe.

At last the troubles of the way were over; the sands of the Desert were reached, and the stupendous cluster of edifices, the three Pyramids of Ghizeh, the Sphinx, the Cyclopean Temple, and the splendid tombs, were before me and around. For miles off, in the clear air of Egypt, where there is literally no aerial perspective, I had been able to distinguish the ranges of stones which constitute the exterior of all the Pyramids, save the small portions of the second and third still covered with their original coating. It was hardly, as Longfellow

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Almost as soon as they come within the range of vision they are seen with their serrated edges and If there be an aggravating incident in this very the horizontal lines of the deep steps, marked sharptrying world, it is assuredly that of being mountedly with the intense shadows of the south.

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"Vera goot lady, backshish, backshish;
Vera goot lady, give us backshish";

Of all these ruins of Ghizeh these earliest and mightiest of the records of our. race the one by far the most affecting and impressive, is assuredly and so on, da capo. Twice we had to rest on our the Sphinx. A human face, nay, an intensely hu-way from sheer exhaustion, and on one occasion, man face, a portrait full of individuality even in its where there is a break in the continuity of the pas solemnity and colossal grandeur, — gazes at us with sage, there was an ascent into a hole high up in the the stony eyes before which have passed Hebrew wall by no means easy to accomplish. prophet and Greek philosopher, and Roman conquerer, and Arab khalif. Had Napoleon the Great, told his troops that sixty centuries looked on them through the Sphinx's eyes, he would have used no unmeaning metaphor. Even the very ruin and disgrace of the mighty countenance seems to render it more affecting. Half immeasurably sublime, half pitiful, nay, grotesque, in its desolation, it stands, with its brow calmly upturned to heaven, and a somewhat one might almost deem a ruddy flush upon its cheek, but with every feature worn and marred since it has stood there, a stony St. Sebastian, bearing through the ages the shafts and insults of sun and storm. I must not pause to muse over the Sphinx, nor yet to describe the gradual revelation which comes to the traveller of the enormous magnitude of the Pyramid, as he slowly wades at its foot through the heavy sand, and perceives when he has walked thrice as far as it seemed he need have done, he has but reached the half of the base.

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The English party, who had outridden me, were concluding their luncheon as I reached the Pyramid, and after declining their cordial offers to share it, I asked one of the ladies, Had she visited the interior and Cheops' chamber?" "No. Some of the ladies and gentlemen had done so. The Arabs were a wild set of men, and she did not like to put herself in their power." Deeming the lady's caution must be over-developed, and too intensely interested to make very serious reflections on what I was doing, I engaged the Scheik at the door of the Pyramid to provide me with proper guides so soon as the Engfish party had ridden away.

Five strong Fellah-Arabs volunteered for the service, in spite of my remark that three were enough, and we were soon plunged into the darkness of the first entrance-passage. All the world knows how the Pyramid is constructed; a solid mass of huge stones, all so perfectly fitted that scarcely a penknife might be introduced in any place between them. The passages at the widest, scarcely permit of two persons going abreast, and are for long distances so low as to compel the visitor to stoop almost double. The angle at which these passages slope upwards is also one which, on the slippery, wellworn floor, renders progress difficult as on the ice of an Alpine mountain. But oh! how different from the keen pure air, the wide horizon, the glittering sunlight, of the Alps, this dark, suffocating cavern, where the dust, and lights, and breath of heated men, make an atmosphere scarcely to be breathed, and where the sentiments of awe and horror almost paralyze the pulse. Perhaps my special fancy made me then, as ever since, find a cave, subterranean passage, or tunnel, unreasonably trying to the nerves; but so it was, the awe of the place wellnigh overpowered me.

The Arab guides helped me easily in their wellknown way. One or two carried the candles, and all joined in a sort of song at which I could not help laughing, in spite of both awe and lack of breath. It seemed to be a chant of mingled Arabic and English (a language they all spoke after a fashion), the English words being apparently a continual repetition:

At last, after what seemed an hour, and I suppose was about fifteen minutes, since we left the sunshine, we stood in Cheops' burial-vault, the centre chamber of the Great Pyramid. As my readers know, it is a small oblong chamber, of course wholly without light or ventilation, with plain stone floor, walls, and roof, and with the huge stone sarcophagus (which once held the mummy of Cheops, but is now perfectly empty) standing at one end. The interest of the spot would alone have repaid a journey from England; but I was left small time to enjoy it. Suddenly I was startled to observe that my guides had stopped their song and changed their obsequious voices, and were all five standing bolt upright against the walls of the vault.

"It is the custom," said one of them, "for whoever comes here to give us backshish."

I reflected in a moment that they had seen me foolishly transfer my purse from the pocket of my riding-skirt to the walking-dress I wore under it, and which I had alone retained on entering the Pyramid.

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"Well," I said, as coolly as I was able, "I intend, of course, to give you backshish' for your trouble, and if you choose to be paid here instead of at the door, it is all the same to me. I shall give three shillings English (a favorite coin in Cairo), as I said I only wanted three men.”

"Three shillings are not enough. We want backshish!"

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There they are. They are quite enough." "Not enough! We want backshish!"

I must here confess that things looked rather black. The Fellahs stood like so many statues of Osiris (even at the moment I could not help thinking of it), with their backs against the wall and their arms crossed on their breasts, as if they held the flagellum and crux ansata. Their leader spoke in a calm, dogged sort of way, to which they all responded like echoes.

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"Well," I said, "as there are five of you, and I am rather heavy, I will give you one shilling more. There it is. Now you will get no more." Saying this I gave the man the fourth shilling, and then returned my purse to my pocket. "This won't do. We want backshish!" It must do. You will get no more backshish." It won't do. We want backshish!" Each moment the men's voices grew more resolute, and I must avow that horror seized me at the thought that they had nothing to do but merely to go out and leave me there in the solitude and darkness, and I should go mad from terror. Not a creature in Cairo even knew where I was gone. I should not be missed or sought for for days, and there I was unarmed, and alone, with these five savages, whose caprice or resentment might make them rush off in a moment, leaving me to despair. Luckily I knew well it would be fatal to betray any alarm, so I spoke as lightly as I could, and laughed a little, but uncomfortably.

"Come, come. You will have no more backshish, you know very well; and if you bully me, you will have stick from the English Consul. Come, I've seen enough. Let us go out.”

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