Refugees and Development in Africa: The Case of Eritrea

Aburakham According activities Adingrar affected African agricultural allocated alternative amount annual assistance average become border caused communities considerable constraints costs crop cultivable land Dehema depend Distribution EA-A economic Eritrean establishment estimate existence expenditure fact factors farm farmers feddans females flight forced given groups hire holdings household heads important income increased labor labor requirement lack landless less mainly majority means mechanization meet noted operation organizations origin participation peak period poor poor households population practice present problem production Qala en Nahal received records refugees relatively reported represents resource respectively rich rural sample households scheme season sesame shortage social sorghum Source structure subsistence Sudan Sudanese survey Table tractors Umbrush Umsaqata UNHCR units villages Wad Awad wage weeding women