Refugees and Development in Africa: The Case of Eritrea

Aburakham and Wad Aburakham Wad Awad According Adingrar Aburakham Wad annual Asmara average constraints costs country of asylum crop production cultivable land Dehema Adingrar Aburakham EA-A Eastern Sudan economic Eritrean highlands Eritrean refugees Ethiopian factors family labor farm households farm labor feddans flight Gedaref hafirs hired labor holdings household heads income groups income-generating activities increased Kassala Province Khartoum Kunama labor requirement landless livestock mainly majority mechanization non-farm Nuba Mountains op.cit operation pastoralists Percentage Distribution place of origin poor households population problem Qala en Nahal Rahad Rahad river rainfed refugee farmers refugee households refugee land settlements refugee settlements rich households rural refugee land Saho Salmin sample households SCC/ESRP scheme season seen from Table sesame settlers shortage social sorghum Source subsistence Sudanese survey Tessenei Tigrinya total sample tractors Umbrush Dehema Adingrar Umsaqata Umbrush Dehema UNHCR viable villages Wad Awad Total wage labor weeding Zurzur