totals every form of industry showing an annual product of not less than $500, a much smalier sum than the average annual per capita earnings of workmen in the real factory and workshop industries of the State. There are many thousands of these concerns, operated for the most part by the proprietors alone, or at the most, with one assistant, usually a member of the proprietor's own family. This class of establishments is composed almost entirely of the small bakeshops, confectioneries, dress makers, custom tailors, custom shoemakers, and the numerous other lines of small neighborhood industries that abound in all our large cities and towns, the number and character of which show practically no variation from year to year, although the volume of business which they do is undoubtedly influenced by the activity or depression of the real factory industries of the State, in which upwards of 480,000 persons, or nearly 17 per cent. of our total population, are engaged as wage earners or employers, all dependent for wages or dividends upon the prosperity of the industries in which they are particularly interested. The manufacturing industries of the State far exceed all other interests in importance, and it was for the purpose of collecting accurate information regarding them from a business point of view, and also to shed light on the sociological and economic conditions surrounding the army of wage workers-men, women and children whom they employ, that these Statistics of Manufactures were established. The small industries, neighborhood and domestic, referred to above, merely reflect the prosperity or depression, as the case may be, of the larger ones included in this compilation which shows every detail required for conveying a clear understanding of the present condition of industry throughout the entire State, and by comparisons with the data of preceding years, showing also whether it is increasing or diminishing in varieties of form and volume. The number of establishments considered in this report is 2,624. The aggregate average number of wage earners employed in these plants was 325,634. Of these, 233,208 were males 16 years of age and over, 87,669 were females 16 years of age and over, and 4,757 were children of both sexes who were less than 16 years. The establishments are divided into eighty-nine general industry groups, each of them including not less than three indi vidual concerns, and one large group under the title "unclassified," made up of plants reporting products which could not be merged with those of any of the other industry groups. Separate headings could not be provided for these establishments, because not more than two of them being engaged in the same line of manufacture, and a rule never departed from is to include not less than three establishments under any one distinctive heading. The protection of manufacturers who fill out these reports under an assurance that they are to be regarded as distinctly confidential requires that this course be unchangingly pursued. A departure from it might be productive of consequences very detrimental to the interests of the firms concerned. This year's presentation follows strictly the forms proven by years of experience to be the best for the purpose of showing every feature of interest and importance relating to the conditions of industry from both the material and sociological viewpoints. There are ten general tables in the series, each of them illustrating one distinct element of the whole; only the totals are given on these tables for each industry group, and nowhere throughout the compilation is it possible to separate from these abstracts the data relating to any one establishment. These ten tables show for each industry group: First, the character of management, whether by corporation, partnership, or owner, with the number of stockholders, partners or individual owners, as the case may be; second, the capital invested in various forms; third, the cost value of stock or material used in the processes of manufacture and the selling value of all goods made or work done; fourth, the greatest, least and average number of persons employed during the year; fifth, the average number of persons employed by months, classified as men, women and children; sixth, the total amount paid in wages to wage earners only, and the average yearly earnings of wage earners, by industries; seventh, classified weekly earnings of wage earners by industries; eighth, the average number of days in operation during the year, and the average working hours per day and per week; ninth, the proportion of business done, by which is meant, the extent to which the actual operations of the various industries included in the compilation approached the limit of their full productive capacity, and tenth, the amount and character of primary power in use. An important feature of the review and analysis of these ten statistical tables which follows is the comparison tables in which the data relating to twenty-five selected industries, regarded as the most important on the list, are compared with those of the next preceding year (1913) showing thereby such increases or decreases as may have occurred in them during the year 1914. ANALYSIS OF THE TABLES Table No. I shows the character of the ownership of the individual establishments in each of the general industries, the number owned by corporations, by partnerships and by individuals, with the number and variety of stockholders, and partners in corporations and partnerships respectively. The total number of establishments considered is 2,624. In 1913, the number was 2,638, to which were added 90 establishments, some of them entirely new and others old established plants that resumed operations during some part of 1914, after having been closed down during the whole of the preceding year. This gain was, however, more than offset by the permanent or temporary loss of 104 establishments, all of which had gone out of operation during the first quarter of 1914, leaving a net loss of 14 in the number of establishments as compared with the record of 1913. Of the 2,624 establishments considered, 730, or 27.8 per cent. of the total number are controlled by partnership or individual owners, of whom there are 1,229, or an average of 1.7 for each of the 730 establishments. The number of establishments owned by corporations is 1,894, or 72.2 of the total number considered. Concerned in the ownership of these plants there were at the time of reporting 152,081 stockholders of record, or an average of 80 for each corporation. The aggregate number of persons having proprietary interests in the factory and workshop industries of New Jersey, as stockholders, partners, or individual owners, is 153,310. In 1913, the proportion of establishments owned by partnerships and individuals, and by corporations, was 28.8 and 71.2 per cent. respectively; compared with 1914-28.8 per cent. and 72.2 per cent., there is a falling off of one per cent. in the proportion of establishments under partnership management, and a corresponding increase in the proportion under corporate control. This movement toward corporate management has been going on steadily for years back, the increase each year never exceeding 1.7 per cent., nor falling below 0.7 per cent. This slow but steadily maintained drift toward the corporate form of management seems to prove the value of its many advantages, such as limited liability, adequate capital, and division of risks and hazards among a comparatively large number of investors. The increase in corporate management has averaged about one per cent. annually since 1905. The following table shows, in condensed form, a comparison of the statistics of management for 1914 and 1913. Number of establishments owned by individuals and partnerships.. Average number of stockholders per establishment.. 75 80 142,151 153,310 Nine of the eighty-nine general industries, including a total of 93 establishments, are under corporate management exclusively. All the others are divided in the matter of management, between the corporate and non-corporate form, the first being by far the most numerous. Of the 1,229 partners and individual owners of the 730 noncorporate establishments, 1,145 are males, 57 females, 6 special, (sex not reported) and 21 are estates (number of persons interested not reported). The 152,081 stockholders of corporations are classified on the table as males, 89,012; females, 53,642, and banks, for themselves, or as trustees for others, 9,427. The grand total of stockholders, partners and individual proprietors who control and direct all the factory and workshop industries of our State is 153,310; this number is equal to almost fifty per cent. of the total working force employed in all our factories and workshops as wage earners. Table No. 2 shows the amount of capital invested in each of the eighty-nine general industries, and the aggregate total for all industries combined. The capital is divided for each industry and for all industries so as to show the amount invested in land and buildings; machinery, tools and implements; and cash on hand or in bank, bills receivable, and also the cost value of products-wholly or partly finished at the end of the fiscal year when the establishment reports were made. The total amount of capital invested is in all industries, $1,025,169,694. Three establishments of the entire number considered failed to report capital invested in any form; twelve reported capital without the subdivisions of the same required by the statistical form on which reports are made, and one entire industry with teń establishments (high explosives) reported total capital without specifying the amount invested in "machinery, tools and equipment." The substantial correctness of the table is in no way affected by these few omissions and variations from the statistical form. Of the total capital invested, $241,784,814, or 22.5 per cent., is charged to "land and buildings;" $221,047,135, or 20.6 per cent., is charged to "machinery, tools and equipment," and $562,237,745, or 56.9 per cent., to "bills receivable, finished products on hand, stock in process of manufacture and cash on hand." The following table gives a comparison of the three subdivisions of capital invested in 1914 and 1913, with the increases of the same shown in absolute amounts and by percentages. The increase in total capital invested in 1914, over the previous year as shown by the above table, is $55,373,190, or 5.7 per cent. The increase of investments in "land and buildings' is $17,425,686, or 7.7 per cent.; in "machinery and tools," $10,465,196, or 2.9 per cent., and in other forms of capital, $27,482,308, or 5.1 per cent. In previous presentations of the Statistics of Manufactures, reference has been made to the difficulties encountered in the effort to secure figures on the value of land and buildings used for manufacturing purposes in the large cities, the reason for which being the fact that lessees or tenants, of whom there are in many instances several in one building, are unable to place a valuation on property which they do not own. Tracing the actual owners or authorized agents of such property is in some |