when in the early "thirties' "thirties" Emerson brought "Sartor Resartus " to the knowledge of his countrymen. Carlyle had carried the manuscript to almost every London publisher meeting with nothing but defeat. No one would have it. Finally he got the editor of Fraser's Magazine to publish it in numbers and even then met with ridicule only. "Stop that stuff or stop my paper,' wrote one of the subscribers. Carlyle himself said at that time that in the whole world there were but two persons who found anything in it worth reading. One was Emerson and the other a priest at Cork.

It was published in Boston about 1834, and with Emerson's introduction was received with enthusiasm. It became the literary fashion and it was widely read. Before Carlyle ever received an English penny for his work, Emerson sent him from this country, something like four hundred dollars.

"Sartor Resartus" is a prose poem on life, manners, religion, politics and literature. It is the one work of Carlyle's that has exerted more influence on modern thought than any other. It is from this that he gained his disciples and interpreters.

JOHN STUART MILL.

(1806-1873).

"

THE name of John Stuart Mill is not often heard in these days, though he has been dead barely thirty years. Fifty years ago he was one of the foremost men in England and his works were widely read. To-day there are few, if any, readers who open his pages. His "Logic," his "Dissertations on Philosophy," and his essays on "Liberty," "The Subjection of Women," and Representative Government are no longer read. The only volume of his that the world has any interest in is his "Autobiography," published shortly after his death. It does not quite rank with the great autobiographies—with those of Cellini, Rousseau, Franklin, and Gibbon, for it does not contain the self-revelations that make those remarkable books so deeply interesting to humanity, but Mill describes in very clear and simple style the growth of his mind and the manner of his education. As the story of how a

father educated his son, and the results of that education, it is one of the most interesting books in the world.

His father was James Mill, a Scotchman, educated at the University of Edinburgh and intended for the Church. His skepticism kept him out of the pulpit and he became a journalist. Later he entered the service of the East India Company and wrote a history of "British India," a work that Macaulay mentions with respect.

John Stuart the eldest son of James Hill, was born in 1806, and from his infancy his education was planned and entirely conducted by his father. He never went to school. At the age of three he was taught the Greek alphabet, and by the time he was eight he had read more Greek authors than are to be found in the ordinary classical courses in college. The only thing beside Greek that he studied in this period was arithmetic, which he then and ever afterward detested. He was a constant inmate of his father's study, and his companion in walking and all their conversation was on books or reading. Thus he never was a boy and lost much through not being thrown among boys who have a knack at knocking the nonsense out of priggish boys. Of games and plays such as healthy children and youths delight in he knew

nothing, nor did he have any skill in manual labor. He could not even drive a nail. But he says his childhood was not unhappy and that he was a hearty and high-spirited boy.

At eight he began the study of Latin, which he in turn taught to his younger brothers and sisters. This was good training and discipline for his mind, but he thought it not advantageous in other respects. By the time he was twelve he had read all the classics, Latin and Greek, that are studied at the great universities and then took up logic and political economy.

He was taught no religious belief, but the principles of a lofty morality were carefully instilled into him and the ideals of his life were high and noble. At fourteen his education was considered complete and he passed the following year in France, where he was an inmate of the family of Sir Samuel Bentham, a brother of Jeremy Bentham, of whom the elder Mill was a friend and follower.

At sixteen he began to write for the press, and at seventeen became a servant of the East India Company, in whose employment he remained for

many years.

Thus the youth entered manhood, destined by his father to be an apostle of reform. He had

the ambition to assume the rôle, but when he came into contact with actual life and with men, and saw how hard it was to make an impression upon them and how almost impossible it was to introduce even the smallest change in established customs and habits, his misgivings overcame him for a time and he passed through a period of great depression. The chapter in the autobiography on this crisis in his mental history is the finest in the volume. It was at this period that he first met with Wordsworth's poems. He says:

I took up the collection of his poems from curiosity, with no expectation of mental relief from it, though I had before resorted to poetry with that hope. In the worst period of my depression I had read through the whole of Byron (then new to me) to try whether a poet, whose peculiar department was supposed to be that of intense feeling, could rouse any feeling in me. As might be expected, I got no good from this reading, but the reverse. The poet's state of mind was

But while Byron was exactly

too much like my own. what did not suit my condition Wordsworth was exactly what did.

He became an ardent Wordsworthian, though not so much so as to admire everything he wrote -for he did not like the "Excursion "—but he speaks repeatedly of the benefit he received from Wordsworth. The acquaintances he made also had an important influence upon him, and he