Works Suitable for Municipal and County Engineers,
Analysts, and Others.

Practical Sanitation: A Handbook for Sanitary Inspectors and others
interested in Sanitation. By GEO. REID, M.D., D.P.H., Fellow of the Sanitary
Institute, Medical Officer, Staffordshire County Council._ With Appendix on Sanitary
Law, by Herbert Manley, M.A., M.B., D.P.H. EIGHTH EDITION, Revised.
6s.

Sewage Disposal Works: A Guide to the Construction of Works for
the Prevention of the Pollution by Sewage of Rivers and Estuaries. By W. SANTO
CRIMP, M. Inst.C.E., F.G.S. SECOND EDITION, Revised and Enlarged. Large 8vo,
Handsome Cloth. With 37 Plates. 30s.

Trades' Waste: Its Treatment and Utilisation.

With Special Refer

ence to the Prevention of Rivers' Pollution. A Handbook for Borough Engineers, Surveyors, Architects, and Analysts. By W. NAYLOR, F.C.S., A.M.INST. C.E. Numerous Plates, Diagrams, and Illustrations.

With

With

Calcareous Cements: Their Nature, Preparation, and Uses.
By GILBERT REDGRAVE, Assoc. Inst.C.E.
Large Crown 8vo. With Illustrations, Analytical Data, and Appendices on Costs,
&c. 8s. 6d.

some Remarks upon Cement Testing.

Gas Manufacture (The Chemistry of). A Handbook on the Production, Purification, and Testing of Illuminating Gas, and the Assay of the ByeProduct of Gas Manufacture. By W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, M.A., F.I.C., F.C.S. With numerous Illustrations. SECOND EDITION, Revised and Enlarged. With a Section on ACETYLENE. 10s. 6d.

Central Electrical Stations: Their Design, Organisation, and Manage-
ment, including the Generation and Distribution of Electrical Energy. By C. H.
WORDINGHAM, A.K.C., M.Inst. C.E., late Member of Council, Institute of Electrical
Engineers; Consulting Engineer to the City of Manchester. With Numerous Plates,
Diagrams, and Illustrations. 24s. net.

Road Making and Maintenance: A Practical Treatise for Engineers,
Surveyors, and others. With an Historical Sketch of Ancient and Modern Practice.
By THOMAS AITKEN, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E. With numerous Plates, Diagrams, and
Illustrations. 21s.

Dairy Chemistry: A Practical Handbook for Dairy Managers, Chemists,
and Analysts. By H. DROOP RICHMOND, F.C.S., Chemist to the Aylesbury Dairy
Company. With Tables, Illustrations, &c. Handsome Cloth.
16s.

Flesh Foods: With Methods for their Chemical, Microscopical, and
Bacteriological Examination. A Handbook for Medical Men, Inspectors, Analysts,
and others. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, B.A., F.I.C., Mem. Council Soc. of
Public Analysts. With numerous illustrations, and a Coloured Plate. 10s. 6d.

A Handbook of Hygiene. By Lieut.-Colonel A. M. DAVIES,
R.A.M.C. D.H.P.Camb., late Assistant Professor of Hygiene, Army Medical School.
SECOND EDITION, thoroughly Revised, 600 pp. Pocket Size, Leather, Limp, Gilt
Edges, and Rounded Corners, With Illustrations. 12s. 6d.

LONDON CHARLES GRIFFIN & CO., LIMITED, EXETER STREET, STRAND.

SANITARY ENGINEERING:

A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF

TOWN DRAINAGE AND SEWAGE AND
REFUSE DISPOSAL.

FOR SANITARY AUTHORITIES, ENGINEERS, INSPECTORS, ARCHITECTS,
CONTRACTORS, AND STUDENTS.

FRANCIS WOOD, A.M.INST. C. E., F.G.S.,

"I

BOROUGH SURVEYOR OF FULHAM, LATE BOROUgh engineER, BACUP, LANCS.

BY

T

OF

CALIFORNI

GRIFFIN

AND

1820

LIMITED

CO

LONDON:

CHARLES GRIFFIN & COMPANY, LIMITED:
EXETER STREET, STRAND.

1902.

[All Rights Reserved.]

PREFACE.

THAT Sanitary Engineering is a science of great importance must by now be admitted to be an undoubted fact. It engages the attention of many of the well-known Engineers and Chemists of the present day. Universities are awarding diplomas to students showing an efficient knowledge of the subject, and Lecturers have been appointed to give special courses dealing particularly with this branch of Engineering. A Royal Commission has been appointed by the Government to study the methods employed in purifying sewage, and to report on the course of action to be taken in future as a basis for the guidance of those who have the disposal of these foul liquids in hand. Corporate bodies have also been sanctioned by Parliament, and they have sprung into existence for the specific purpose of enforcing Local Authorities to satisfactorily deal with the human, house, and trade refuse that may come within their jurisdiction.

It has quickened into active being a profession which has been gradually growing throughout a lengthy period of years. Indeed, such are the signs of its increasing importance and complexity that I fully expect before long it will have a still more recognised status at Engineering Colleges than it has at present.

Unfortunately its students have, until recently, had to depend for their sources of information and instruction on what could be gathered from a minute and careful search through numerous volumes, essays, and lectures. But even this diligence does not meet with its due reward, as such a search can only give an inappreciable and dissatisfying idea of the intricacies and vastness of the subject matter.

104425

I have myself felt the want of a work which would in one small volume deal with the science in a comprehensive, concise, and easily intelligible form, and have, therefore, gathered together information, data, and material in such a manner that I trust will appeal to students and impress them with the great possibilities of its study. It is intended for the use of Municipal Engineers and Students, for Medical Officers of Health and Sanitary Inspectors, and the Members also of Local Authorities, and for those interested in the study of hydraulics and earth pressures. I trust that there will be many outside the ranks of those directly or professionally concerned who will find interesting information on various subjects within the pages of the present work, especially on that having reference to the design of Refuse Destructors and refuse destruction. This latter subject has been treated with special care, and competing systems have been considered without bias or partiality.

The greatest care has been exercised to construct recognised formulæ ab initio and in the simplest stages, only the most elementary knowledge of the different branches of mathematics being required. Tables of velocity and discharge have been purposely omitted for the reason that the work is intended as a Study of the Principles of Science, and that the addition of these would render the volume unwieldy.

Two Chapters are specially devoted to the study of Sewage Disposal, and most of the well-known systems are briefly and sufficiently described to give a fair idea of the methods of working them. A Chapter has been allotted to Bacteriolysis, which is more fully and amply discussed owing to the special importance which has been attached to it in recent years, and to the large amount of data available.

Each Chapter, while it deals with a subject or subjects which may be dependent on or a sequence of the one preceding it, is in itself practically complete.

I have commented upon many subjects in what is necessarily an original manner, the opinions and criticisms offered