garet had chofen for her confeffor one Turgot, whom the alfo made her affiftant in her intended reformation. She began with new-modelling her own court; into which the introduced the offices, furniture, and manner of living, common in the more polite nations of Europe. She difmiffed from her service all who were noted for immorality and impiety; the charged Turgot, on pain of her difpleafure, to give his real fentiments on the ftate of the kingdom, after the beft inquiry he could make. By him he was informed, that faction reigned among the nobles, rapine among the commons, and incontinence among all ranks. Above all, he complained that the kingdom was deftitute of a learned clergy, capable of reforming the people by their example and doctrine. All this the queen reprefented to her husband, and prevailed upon him to fet about the work of refor. mation immediately; in which, however, he met with confiderable oppofition. The Scots accuftomed to opprefs their inferiors, thought all reftrictions of their power were. as many steps towards their flavery. The introduction of foreign offices and titles confirmed them in this opinion; and fuch a dangerous infurrection happened in Moray and fome of the northern counties, that Malcolm was obliged to march against the rebels in perfon. He found them, indeed, very formidable; but they were fo much intimidated by his refolution, that, they intreated the clergy who were among them to intercede with the king in their favour. Malcolm received their fubmiffion, but refused to grant an unconditional pardon. He gave all the common people indeed leave to return to their habitations, but obliged the higher ranks to furrender themselves to his pleasure. Many of the moft guilty were put to death, or condemned to perpetual imprisonment; while others had their eftates confifcated. This feverity checked the rebellious spirit of the Scots; upon which Malcolm returned' to his plans of reformation. Still, however, he found himself oppofed, even in thofe abufes which were moft obvious and glaring. He durft not entirely abolish that infamous practice of the landlord claiming the firft night with his tenant's bride; though, by the queen's influence, the privilege was changed into the payment of a piece of money by the bridegroom, and was afterwards known by the name of mercheta mulierum, or the women's mark. (See MARCHET.) in thofe days the Scots were without the practice of saying grace after meals, till it was introduced by Margaret, who gave a glafs of wine, to those who remained at the royal table and heard the thankigiving; which gave rife to the term of the grace-drink. Befides this, the terms of the duration of Lent and Eafter were fixed; the king and queen bestowed large alms to the poor, and the latter washed the feet of fix of their number; many churches, monafteries, &c. were erected, and the clerical revenues augmented. In 1077, Malcolm again invaded England; but upon what provocation, or with what fuccefs, is not well known. But in 1088, after the death of the Conqueror, he again efpoufed the caufe of Edgar Atheling, who had been reduced to implore his affiftance a fecond time, when William Rufus afcended the throne of England. At the time of

Edgar's arrival, Malcolm was at the head of a brave and well difciplined army, with which he penetrated a great way into the country of the enemy; and, as it is faid, returned to Scotland with an immenfe booty. William refolved to revenge the injury, and prepared great armaments both by fea and land for the invafion of Scotland. His fuccefs, however, was not answerable to his preparations. His fleet was dafhed to pieces by ftorms, and almost all on board of it perished. Malcolm had also laid waste the country through which his antagonist was to pass, in fuch an effectual manner, that William loft a great part of his troops by fatigue and famine; and when he arrived in Scotland, found himself in a fituation very little able to refift Malcolm, who was advancing against him with a powerful army. In this distress, Rufus had recourse to Robert de Mowbray earl of Northumberland, who diffuaded him from venturing a battle, but advised him by all means to open a negociation by Edgar and the other English noblemen who refided with Malcolm. Edgar undertook the negociation, on condition of his being reftored to his eftates in England. Malcolm had never yet recognized the right of William Rufus to the throne of England, and therefore refused to treat with him as a fovereign prince; but offered to enter into a negociation with his brother Robert, furnamed Curt-bofe, from the shortnefs of his legs. The two princes accordingly met; and Malcolm, having shown Robert the difpofition of his army, offered to cut off his brother William, and to pay to him the homage he had been accuftomed to pay to the Conqueror for his English dominions. But Robert generoufly answered, that he had refigned to William his right of primogeniture in England; and that he had even become one of William's fubjects, by accepting of an English eftate. An interview with William then followed; in which it was agreed that the king of England fhould reftore to Malcolm all his fouthern poffef. fions, for which he should pay the fame homage he had been accustomed to do to the Conqueror, that he should restore to Malcolm twelve disputed manors, and give him likewife twelve merks of gold yearly, befides reftoring to Edgar all his English eftates. This treaty was concluded in Lothian, according to the English hiftorians; but at Leeds in Yorkshire, according to the Scots. However, William confidered the terms as fo very dishonourable, that he refolved not to fulfil them. Soon after his departure Edgar and Robert began to press him to fulfil his engagements; but receiving only evafive answers, they paffed over into Normandy. After their departure, William applied himself to the fortification of his northern boundaries, efpecially Carlisle, which had been deftroyed by the Danes 200 years before.-As this place lay within the feodal dominions of Malcolm, he complained of William's proceeding as a breach of the late treaty; and foon after repaired to the English court at Gloucester, that he might have a perfonal interview with the king of Eng land, and obtain redress. On his arrival, William refufed him admittance to his prefence, without paying him homage. Malcolm offered this in the fame manner as had been done by his predecessors, that is, on the confines of the two kingdoms; but

this being rejected by William, Malcolm returned to Scotland in a rage, and prepared again for war. The first of Malcolm's military operations now proved fatal to him; but the circumstances of his death are variously related. According to the Scots hiftorians, Malcolm having laid fiege to Alnwick, and reduced the place to fuch ftraits, that a knight came out of the caftle, having the keys on the point of a fpear, and pretending that he defigned to lay them at Malcolm's feet; but inftead of this he ran him through the eye with the fpear, as foon as he came within reach. Prince Edward, the king's eldeft fon, was mortally wounded in attempting to revenge his father's death. The English hiftorians, on the other hand, contend, that the Scots were surprised in their camp, their army, entirely defeated, and their king killed. On this occafion the Scots hiftorians alfo inform us, that the family of Piercy received its name; the knight who killed the Scots king having been furnamed Pierce eye, from the manner in which he gave that monarch the fatal ftroke. Q. Margaret, who was at that time lying ill in the castle of Edinburgh,' died four days after her husband.

(20.) SCOTLAND, HISTORY OF, TO THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER I. After the death of Malcolm Canmore, which happened in the year 1093, the throne was ufurped by his brother, Donald Bane, or Donald VII. who, notwithstanding the great virtues and glorious achievements of the late king, had been at the head of a strong party during the whole of his reign. The ufurper, giving way to the barbarous prejudices of himself and his countrymen, expelled out of the kingdom all the foreigners whom Malcolm had introduced, and obliged them to take refuge in England. Edgar himself had long refided at the English court, where he was in high reputation; and, by his intereft there, found means to rescue his nephew young Edgar, the king of Scotland's eldest fon out of the hands of the ufurper Donald Bane. The favour he showed to him, however, produced an accufation againft himself, as if he defigned to adopt young Edgar as his fon, and fet him up as a pretender to the English throne. This accufation was preferred by an Englishman whofe name was Orgar; but, as no legal proofs of the guilt could be obtained, the cuftom of the times rendered a fingle combat between the parties unavoidable. Örgar was one of the ftrongeft and most active men in the kingdom; but the age and infirmities of Edgar allowed him to be defended by another. For a long time none could be found who would enter the lifts with this champion; but at laft one Godwin of Winchefter, whofe family had been under obligations to Edgar or his ancestors, offered to defend his cause. Orgar was overcome and killed; and, when dying, confeffed the falsehood of his accufation. The conqueror obtained all the lands of his adverfary, and William lived ever afterwards on terms of the ftricteft friendship with Edgar. This combat, trifling as it may feem to us, produced very confiderable effects. The party of Edgar and his brothers (who had likewife taken refuge at the English court) revived in Scotland, to fuch a degree, that Donald was obliged to call in the Danes and

Norwegians to his affiftance. In order to engage them more effectually to his intereft, the ufurper yielded up to them the Orkney and Shetland iflands; but when his new allies came to his affiftance, they behaved in fuch a manner as to become more intolerable to the Scots than ever the English had been. This difcontent was greatly increased when it was found that William defigned to place on the throne of Scotland a natural fon of the late Malcolm, named Duncan, who had served in the English armies with great reputation. Donald attempted to maintain himself on the throne by the affiftance of his Norwegian allies; but, being abandoned by the Scots, he was obliged to fly to the ifles, to raise more forces; and in the mean time Duncan II. was crowned at Scone with the ufual folemnity. The Scots were now greatly distressed by two ufurpers who contended for the kingdom, each of them supported by a foreign army. One of them, however, was foon difpatched. Malpedir, thane of Mearns, furprised Duncan in the caftle of Menteith, and killed him; after which, he replaced Donald VII. on the throne. The affection of the Scots, however, was by this time entirely alienated from Donald, and a manifeft intention of calling in young Edgar was shown. To prevent this, Donald offered the young prince all that part of Scotland which lay S. of the Forth; but the terms were rejected, and the meffengers who brought them were put to death as traitors. The king of England also, dreading the neighbourhood of the Norwegians, interpofed in young Edgar's favour, and gave Atheling the command of an army to restore his nephew. Donald prepared to oppose his enemies with all the forces he could raise; but was deserted by the Scots, and obliged to flee: his enemies purfued him so closely, that he was foon taken; and being brought before Edgar, he ordered his eyes to be put out, and condemned him to perpetual banishment, in which he died fome time after. The hiftorians tell us, that this revolution was owing to St Cuthbert, who appeared to Edgar, informing him that he should prove victorious, if he received his banner from the hands of the canons; which he accordingly did. During his reign a ftrict friendship fubfifted between the courts of England and Scotland; owing to the marriage of Henry I. of England with the princess Matilda, filter to Edgar. This has given occafion to the English historians to affert, that Edgar held the kingdom of Scotland as a feudatory of Henry; and to this purpose they have forged certain writings. But that thefe are forged, appears from the non-existence of the original charter, and from their being related in quite a different manner by other authors. For the fame purpose a feal has been forged of Edgar fitting on horfeback, with a fword in his right hand, and a shield on his left arm, within a border of France. But this laft circumftance is a fufficient proof of the forgery. After a reign of nine years, Edgar died at Dundee, in 1107; and was fucceeded by his bro ther Alexander I. furnamed the Fierce, from the impetuofity of his temper. On his acceffion to the throne, however, the Scots were fo ignorant of his true chara&er, on account of his appear

ance

In perfon. His fon made a gallant refiftance, but was at laft forced to yield; the laft line feems never to have been engaged. David, seeing the victory decided against him, ordered fome of his men to fave themselves by throwing away their badges, which it feems Maud's party had worn, and mingling with the English; after which he himself, with his fhattered forces, retreated towards Carlife. The English hiftorians fay, that in this battle the Scots were totally defeated, with the lofs of 10,000 men; but this feems not to be the cafe, as the English did not purfue, and the Scots were in a condition for carrying on the war next year. However, there were now no great exploits performed on either fide; and a peace was concluded, by which Henry, prince of Scotland, was put in poffeffion of Huntingdon and Northumberland, and took an oath of fealty to Stephen. David built no fewer than 15 abbeys: viz. at HOLYROOD-HOUSE, Kelfo, Jedburgh, Melrofe, Newbottel, Cambufkenneth, Dundrennan, Holm-Cultrane, Kinlofs, Dunfermline, Holme in Cumberland, Carlisle, North Berwick, and two at Newcastle: and founded four bishoprics. His fon prince Henry died before him, leaving three fons and three daughters. David, called alfo, from his piety, St David, continued faithful to his niece the emprefs as long as he lived; and died at Carlisle in 1153, after a glorious reign of above 29 years.

(22.) SCOTLAND, HISTORY OF, TO THE DEATH OF K. WILLIAM I. David was fucceeded by his grandfon Malcolm IV. furnamed the Maiden, on account of his continence. He fuppreffed feveral rebellions, banished many of the turbulent Mur. rays, built the abbeys of St Andrew's and Cupar in Angus, and died at Jedburgh, in the 12th year of his reign, A. D. 1165. He was fucceeded by his brother WILLIAM I. furnamed the Lion, who immediately entered into a war with Henry II. of England, on account of the earldom of Northumberland, which had been given up by Malcolm; but Henry, finding his affairs in a very embarraffed situation, confented to yield up this county, on William's paying him homage, rather than continue the miferies of war. In 1172 he attempted to avail himself of the unnatural war which Henry's fons carried on againft their father, and invaded England. He divided his army into three columns; the firft of which laid fiege to Carlile; the fecond he himself led into Northumberland; and the king's brother, David, advanced with the third into Leicestershire. William reduced the caftles of Burgh, Appleby, Warkworth, and Garby, and then joined that divifion of his army which was befieging Carlifle. The place was already reduced to fuch ftraits that the governor bad agreed to furrender it by a certain day, provided it was not relieved before that time; on which the king, leaving fome troops to continue the fiege, invefted a caftle with fome of the forces he had under his command, at the fame time fending a frong reinforcement to his brother David; by which means he himself was left with a very fmall army, when he received intelligence that a ftrong body of English under Robert de Staterville and his fon were advancing to furprise him. William, fenfible of his inability to refift VOL. XX. PART I. 1

them, retired to Alnwick, to which he inftantly laid fiege; but acted in fuch a careless manner, that his enemies having dreffed a party of their foldiers in Scots habits, took him prifoner, and carried him, with his feet tied under the belly of a horfe, to Richmond Caftle. He was then carried in chains before Henry to Northampton, and ordered to be transported to the castle of Falaife in Normandy, where he was shut up with other ftate prifoners. Soon after this an accommodation took place between Henry and his fons, and the prifoners on both fides were fet at liberty, William only excepted, who bore his confinement with great impatience. Of this Henry took the advantage, to make him pay homage for the whole kingdom of Scotland, and acknowledge that he held it only as a feu of the crown of England; and, as a fecurity, he was obliged to deliver into the hands of Henry all the principal forts in Scotland: viz. the caftles of Roxburgh, Berwick, Jedburgh, Edinburgh, and Stirling; William at the fame time agreeing to pay the English garrifons which were put into thefe caftles. David, the king's brother, with twenty barons, who were prefent at the figning of this thameful convention, were put into the hands of Henry as hoftages for William's good faith; after which the king was fet at liberty, and returned to Scotland. The affairs of Scotland were now in the greatest confufion. The people of Galloway, at the head of whom were two princes, called Othred and Gilbert, had taken the opportunity of afferting their independency on the crown of Scotland; and, having expelled all the Scots officers out of the country, they demolished the forts which William had erected, and put to death all the foreigners. But a quarrel enfuing between them, Othred was murdered by Gilbert, who applied to Henry for protection. Henry, to give all poffible fanction to the convention betwixt him and William, fummoned him to meet him and his fon at York. William obeyed the fummons, and along with him appeared all the great nobility and landholders; who confirmed the convention of Falaise, swore fealty to Henry, and put themfelves and their country under his protection. In the mean time, Gilbert, who was at the head of the rebels in Galloway, bad offered to put himself and his people under the protection of Henry, and to pay to him 2000 merks of filver yearly, with 500 cows and as many hogs; but Henry, that he might oblige his new feudatory William, refused to have any concern with Gilbert. On this William ordered his general Gilchrift to march against him; which he did with fuch fuccefs, that Gilbert was entirely defeated, and Galloway again reduced under the dominion of Scotland. Very foon after this victory Gilchrift fell under the king's difpleasure on the following occafion. He had married Matilda, fifter to William; and on fufpicion or proof of her incontinence, put her to death at a village called Maynes, near Dundee. The king being highly difpleated at fuch a grofs affront to himfelt, fummoned, Gilchrift to take his trial for the murder; but as the general did not choose to make his appearance, his eftates were confifcated, his caftles demolished, and himself banifhed. He

took refuge in England; but as it had been agreed in the convention between William and Henry that the one should not harbour the traiterous fubjects of the other, Gilchrift was forced to return to Scotland with his two fons. There they were expofed to all the miferies of indigence, and in perpetual fear of being discovered, fo that they were obliged to skulk from place to place. William, on his return from an expedition against an ufurper whom he had defeated, obferved three ftrangers, who, though difguifed like ruftics, appeared to be above the vulgar rank. William was confirmed in this apprehenfion, by feeing them strike out of the high road, and endeavour to avoid notice. He ordered them to be feized and brought before him. The oldeft, who was Gilchrift himself, fell upon his knees before him, and gave fuch a detail of his misfortunes, as drew tears from the eyes of all prefent; and the king reftored him to his former honours and eftates. From the family of this Gilchrift that of the Ogilvies is descended. The Scots continued in fubjection to the English until the acceffion of Richard I. This monarch being a man of romantic valour, zealously undertook an expedition into the Holy Land against the Turks. That he might fecure the quiet of his dominions in his abfence, he determined to make the king of Scotland his friend; and for this purpose, he thought nothing could be more acceptable than releafing him and his fubjects from that fubjection, which even the English themselves confidered as unjust. However, he determined not to lose this opportunity of supplying himself with a fum of money, which was abfolutely neceffary in fuch an expenfive and dangerous undertaking. He therefore made William pay him 10,000 merks for this releafe; after which he entered into a convention, which is ftill extant, acknowledging, that "all the conventions and acts of fubmiffion from William to the crown of England had been extorted from him by unprecedented writings and dureffe." This transaction happened in 1189. The generofity of Richard met with a grateful return from William; for when Richard was imprisoned by the emperor of Germany in his return from the Holy Land, the king of Scotland fent an army to affift his regency against his rebellious brother John, who had wickedly ufurped the throne of England. For this Richard owned his obligation in the highest degree; and the two monarchs continued in friendship as long as Richard lived. Some differences happened with king John about the poffeffion of Northumberland and other northern counties; but these were all finally adjusted, to the mutual fatisfaction of both parties; and William continued a faithful aily of the English monarch till his death, which happened in 1214, after a reign of 49 years.

(23.) SCOTLAND, HISTORY OF, TO THE DEATH OF K. ALEXANDER II. William was fucceeded by his fon ALEXANDER II. a youth of 16. He revived his claim to Northumberland and the other northern counties of England; but John, fuppofing that he had now thoroughly fubdued the English, not only refused to confider the demands of Alexander, but made preparations for invading Scotland. John had given all the country between Scotland and the river Tees to Hugh de Baliol

and another nobleman, upon condition of their defending it againft the Scots. Alexander fell upon Northumberland, which he easily reduced, while John invaded Scotland. Alexander retired to Melrofe, to defend his own country; upon which John burnt the towns of Wark, Alnwick, and Morpeth, and took the ftrong caftles of Roxburgh and Berwick. He next plundered the abbey of Coldingham, reduced Dunbar and Haddington, ravaging the country as he paffed along. His next operation was directed againft Edinburgh; but being oppofed by Alexander at the head of an army, he precipitately marched back. Alexander pursued, and John, to cover his retreat, burnt the towns of Berwick and Coldingham. In this retreat John fet his men an example of barbarity, by fetting fire every morning to the houfe in which he had lodged the preceding night. In fhort, fuch defolation did he fpread all around him, that Alexander found it impoffible to continue his purfuit; for which reafon he marched weftward, and invaded England by the way of Carlifle. This town he took and fortified; after which he marched fouth as far as Richmond, receiving homage from all the great barons as he went along. At Richmond he was again ftopped by John's ravages, and obliged to return through Westmoreland to his own dominions. When the English barons found it neceffary to put themselves under the protection of Lewis, fon to the king of France, that prince, among other acts of fovereignty, fummoned Alexander to do him homage; but the latter, being then engaged in the fiege of Carlisle, which had fallen into the hands of king John, could not attend. In a fhort time Alexander found himfelf obliged to abandon this enterprise; after which he laid fiege to Barnard castle; but being baffled here alfo, marched fouthwards through the whole kingdom of England, and met Lewis at London or Dover, where the prince confirmed to him the rights to Northumberland, Cumberland, and Weftmoreland. He continued a faithful ally to Lewis and the barons in their wars with John; and, in 1216, brought a fresh army to their affiftance, when their affairs were almoft desperate. This once more turned the scale against John; but he foon after dying, the English easily became reconciled to the government of Henry III. and the party of Lewis dwindled every day, till at laft he was obliged to drop all thoughts of being king of England. As long as Lewis continued in England, Alexander proved faithful to his intereft; but, in 1217, he was on fuch good terms with Henry as to demand his eldest fifter, the princess Jane or Joan, for a wife. His request was granted, and in 1221 he efpoufed the princefs, while his eldeft fifter Margery was married to Hubert de Burgh, jufticiary of England, and his fecond fifter to Gilbert earl marshal, the two greatest subjects in England. As long as the queen of Scotland lived, a perfect harmony fubfifted between the Scots and English; but, in 1239, queen Joan died without children, and Alexander foon after married Mary, the daughter of Egelrand de Courcy, a young and beautiful French lady, by whom he had a fon named ALEXANDER, in 1241. From this time a coolnefs took place between the

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