tica Philofophica, 1644, in 8vo. 9. Relatio ad Reges et Principes de Stratagematibus et Societatis Jefu, 1641, in 12mo. This laft was published under the name of Alphonfo de Vargas. It SCIOTA, a river of the United States, in the North-Western Territory. Its fiream is gentle, and no-where interrupted by water-falls. It is paffable by large barges for 200 miles, and up to its fource about 100 miles higher in canoes. has a portage of 4 miles to the SANDUSKY. In fpring it fometimes overflows its banks. The adjacent grounds abound with falt fprings, coal mines, free-ftone, &c. It falls into the sea about 300 miles below Pittsburg, in Lon. 83. 30. W. Lat. 38. 40. N. SCIOULE. See SIOULE. SCIPIO, the cognomen of a celebrated family in ancient Rome, who were a branch of the CoRNELIAN family, and by their bravery and other virtues rofe to the highest honours in the republic. This furname was derived from feipio, a staff, becaufe one of their ancestors had led his father, when blind, and been to him as a walking staff. 1. SCIPIO, Cnæus Cornelius, ASINA, was conful A. U. C. 492, and 498. During his first confulfhip, he was defeated in a naval battle, and loft 17 fhips; but in 493, he took Aleria, in Corfica, and defeated the Carthaginians under Hanno, in Sardinia; took 200 of their fhips, and the city of Panormum in Sicily. racters of eminent men. He abjured the fyftem of the proteftants, and became a Roman catholic about 159. He poffeffed all-thofe qualities which fitted him for making a diftinguished figure in the literary world; imagination, memory, profound learning, and invincible impudence. But he neither showed refpect to his fuperiors, nor decency to his equals. He was indeed a perfect fire-brand, fcattering around him the moft atrocious calumnies. Jofeph Scaliger, above all others, was the greatest object of his fatire. That learned man, having drawn up the hiftory of his own family, and deduced its genealogy from princes, was feverely attacked and ridiculed by Scioppius. Scaliger in his turn wrote a book entitled The Life and Parentage of Gaspar Scioppius; in which he fays, that the father of Scioppius had been fucceffively a grave-digger, a journeyman ftationer, a hawker, a foldier, a miller, and a brewer of beer: that his wife was long kept as a mifirefs, and at length forfaken by a debauched man whom the followed to Hungary, and obliged to return to her hufband; that then he treated her harshly, and condemned her to the lowest fervitude; that his daughter was as diforderly as her mother; that after the flight of her husband, who was going to be burned for fome infamous crimes, the became a common proftitute; and at length grew fo fcandalous, that he was committed to prifon. Thefe accusations against the family of Scioppius inflamed' him ftill more. He collected all the calumnies thrown out against Scaliger, and formed them into a huge volume. He treated with great contempt the King of England, James I. in his Ecclefiafticus, &c. and in his Collyrium Regium Britanniæ Regi, graviter ex oculis laboranti munere miffum; that is An Eye falve for his Britannic Majefly." He had alfo the audacity to abuse Henry IV. of France in a moft fcurrilous manner, on which account his - book was burned at Paris. He was hung in effigy in a farce which was reprefented before King James. Provoked with his infolence to their Sovereign the fervants of the English ambaffador affaulted him at Madrid, and corrected him feverely. He published more than thirty defamatory libels again the Jefuits. He alfo ftudied the Apocalypfe, and affirmed that he had found the key to that myfterious book. He fent fome of his expofitions to Cardina! Mazarine, but the cardinal did not read them. Ferrari tells us, that during the last 14 years of his life, be fhut himself up in a fmall apartment, that he could repeat the Scriptures almost entirely by heart; but his good qualities were eclipfed by his vices. For his furious afkults upon the most eminent men, he was called the CERBERUS of literature. He accufes even Cicero of barbariims and improprieties. He died on the 19th Nov. 1649, aged 74, at Padua, the only retreat which remained to him. Four hundred books are afcribed to him, which difcover great genius and learning. The chief of thefe are, 1. Verifimilium Libri IV. 1596, in 8vo. 2. Commentarius de arte critica, 1661, in 8vo. 3. De fua ad Catholicos migratione, 166, in 8vo. 4. Notationes Critica in Phædrum, in Priapeia, Patavii, 1664, in 8vo. 5. Sufpectarum lectionum Libri V. 1664, in 8vo. 6. Clafficum belli facri, 1619, in 4to. 4. Gollyrium regium, 1611, in 8vo. 8. Gramma 2. SCIPIO, Cпæus, and fons of ASINA. In 3. SCIPIO, Publius, the beginning of the 2d Punic war, Publius was fent with an army into Spain to oppofe Hannibal; but hearing, that Hannibal had gone to Italy, he endeavoured by quick marches to ftop him. Hannibal, however, defeated him near the Ticinus, where he would have loft his life had not his son, (afterwards the famed AFRICANUS,) bravely defended him. He again went into Spain, where he gained several memorable victories over the Carthaginians and other inhabitants. His brother Cnæus fhared the command with him, but though at firft fuccefsful, their confidence proved their ruin. They divided their army, and foon after Publius was furiously affailed by the Carthaginians under Mago and the two Afdrubais. Publius was killed, and his army cut to pieces. The victors immediately fell upon Cnæus, from whom 30,000 Celtiberians had juftly revolted. He retired to a hill and defended himfelf bravely, but was overpowered, with his troops, by numbers. Liv. 21, &c. Polyb. 4. Eutrop. 3, c. 8. &c. 4. SCIPIO, Publius Cornelius, furnamed AFRICANUS, was the fon of Publius. (N° 3.) He firft diftinguished himself at the battle of Ticinus, as above mentioned; next, after the fatal battle of Canne, when fome Romans propofed to abandon Italy to the victors, he made his countrymen fwear eternal fidelity to Rome, and enact that the first who fhould repeat fuch a propofal, thould be put to death. So early as in his 21ft year be was made dile. On the flaughter of the Roman armies under his father and uncle, (see N° 2, 3.) Scipio was fent to avenge their deaths; and within 4 years he expelled the Carthaginians from Spain, and reduced it to a Roman province. At the capture of New Carthage, which yielded in опе common liberality, that Afiaticus was enabled to celebrate games in honour of his victory for ten fucceffive days. He died about A. A. C. 170. one day, 54,000 of the enemy were killed. After thefe fignal victories he was called home to defend Rome against Hannibal, but gave it as his opinion, that Hannibal could only be conquered in Africa. On this he was elected conful and fent to Africa, where his conquefts were as rapid as in Spain; the Carthaginians under Afdrubal were totally routed; (fee CARTHAGE, § 6.) and Hannibal call ed home from the gates of Rome. These two great generals met foon after, but could come to no terms of agreement. The battle of ZAMA was therefore fought, where Scipio was fo fuccessful, that 20,000 Carthaginians were killed, and as many made prifoners; while the Romans loft only 2,000. Peace was asked and granted, but upon the most humiliating terms. On his return to Rome, Scipio was honoured with a triumph and with the agnomen of Africanus. After all these victories, his countrymen became ungrateful; nor was any man more inveterate againft him than the celebrated Cato; (fee CATO, N° 1.) though Cato himself did not excel him in his other virtues. At the conqueft of Spain, a princess of uncommon beauty was taken prifoner. Scipio, hearing that she had been betrothed to a young Spanish prince, not only restored her inviolate to her parents and lover, but fent rich presents along with her. By fuch generous conduct, he made not only that prince, but Mafiniffa, Syphax, and others the friends of Rome. Scipio's chief private friends were LALIUS the conful, and ENNIUS the poet. (See these articles). He married Emilia, daugh. ter of the celebrated Paulus Æmilius, who fell at the battle of CANNE; and died at his country feat at Liternum, about A. A. C. 181, aged only 51. His widow raised a mausoleum to his memory, and placed upon it his ftatue with that of Ennius. The Romans venerated, when dead, the virtues of the man they were unjustly jealous of when living. (5.) SCIPIO, Lucius Cornelius, furnamed ASIATICUS, was the brother of the preceding, and accompanied him in his expeditions into Spain and Africa. He was rewarded with the confulfhip for his fervices, A. U. C. 562: and was fent againft Antiochus, king of Syria; whom, with the affiftance and advice of his brother AFRICANUS, he completely defeated in a battle at Magnefia, near Sardis, wherein Antiochus loft 50,000 infantry and 4000 cavalry, and foon after fubmitted. On his return to Rome, Scipio was decreed a triumph and the furname of Afiaticus. But, notwithftanding his victories and difinterefted conduct, Cato the Cenfor accused him of having received money from Antiochus, which he had not accounted for. This produced an inquiry, and the judge, being prejudifed, decided againft Scipio and his two lieutenants. But upon confifcating his property, the whole effects of Scipio did not amount to near the fum he was charged with, which afforded a decifive evidence of his innocence. His friends and tenants, in this distress, made him liberal offers, which he generously declined. He was foon fent to fettle the difputes between Eumenes and Seleucus, which he accomplished; and on his return, the Romans, ashamed of their former injuftice, rewarded his merits with such un (6.) SCIPIO, Publius Cornelius, EMILIANUS, the fon of Paulus Æmilius, the conqueror of Perfeus, was adopted by his coufin Publius Cornelius Scipio, the fon of Scipio Africanus and Æmilia. He first appeared in the Roman army under his father; and diftinguished himself as a legionary tribune in Spain, where he killed a Spanish giant, and obtained a mural crown at the fiege of Intercatia. Soon after he was made dile, and elected Conful, though under the ufual age qualifying for thefe high offices. He was then fent to Africa to finifh the third Punic war, which he carried on and completed, with all the horrible bravery and bloody fuccefs related under the article CARTHAGE, 6. till he had accomplished the inhuman decree of Cato and the fenate, by the total deftruction ofthat city, republic, and people, A. A. C. 147. Æmilianus is faid, in the midit of his victory, to have wept over the miferies of this unfortunate people; but it is to be regretted, that, in all ages, men even of humane principles have been found not unwilling to engage in fcenes of the most barbarous and bloody conqueft. Another commiffion, equally horrible and bloody, the fame humane Scipio was, a few years after this, employed by the fenate to execute upon the brave but unfortunate inhabitants of Numantia in Spain; and which he executed with equal success, and equal horrors; A. A. C. 133. (See NUMANTIA, and ROME, $ 27.) For thefe conquefts Emilianus was honoured with two triumphs, and the double titles of AFRICANUS Junior, and Numantinus. Yet for all his conquefts, his popularity was fhort. He incurred the difpleasure of the people by vindicating the murder of his coufin and brother in-law, their favourite, Tiberius GRACCHUS. (See ROME, § 27.) Soon after this, he retired from the turbulent Romans to enjoy peace with his friend Lælius, (the fon of the former LELIUS.) He afterwards returned, however, to Rome, and was accufed by his enemies of afpiring to the dictatorship. And not long after, this great man was found ftrangled in his bed; which was faid to have been done by the triumviri, Papirius Carbo, Caius Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, on account of his oppofition to the popular measure, called the Sempronian Law ; and his wife Sempronia was accused of having admitted the affaflins into his bed-chamber. This murder was committed A. A. C. 128. (7.) SCIPIO, C. Cornelius, NASICA, was the fon of Cnæus SCIPIO, (N° 2.) and coufin german to SCIPIO AFRICANUS Senior. (N° 4.) He was at firft refufed the confulfhip, though fupported by the intereft of Africanus, but afterwards obtained it; when he was fent against the Bou, whom he corquered, and was decreed a triumph. He was alfo fuccefsful in an expedition into Spain. It is recorded to his honour, that when the image of the goddess Cybele was brought from Phrygia, the fenate decreed, that one of their body, who was moft eminent for purity of morais, fhould be delegated to meet the goddess at Ottia, and Nafica was appointed, as beft fuiting that character. Natica Nafica alfo diftinguished himself as an orator, and (8.) SCIPIO, in geography, a township of New SCIRA, an annual folemnity held at Athens in SCIRADIUM, a promontory of Attica, on the (1.) SCIRAS. See SALAMIS, N° 1. * SCIRE FACIAS. n. s. [Latin.] A writ judicial, SCIRESSA, a mountain of Arcadia. Plin. f (2.) SCIRO, or SCIROS, the only town in the above SCIROS. See SCIRO, N° 1. and 2. * SCIRRHOSITY. n. s. [from schirrhous.] An * SCIRRHOUS adj. [from scirrhus.] Having a * (1.) SCIRRHUS. n. s. [scirrhe, French. This (2.) SCIRRHUS, in furgery and medicine, is a SCIRUS, in ancient geography: 1. A town of *SCISSIBLE. adj. [from sciffus, Lat.] Capable * SCISSILE. adj. [sciffile, Fr. sciffilis, Latin.] *SCISSION. n. s. [sciffon, French; sciffio, Latin.] SCISSIS, an ancient town of Spain. Liv. 21. His man with scissors nicks him for a fool. Shak. Prior. -Sir Roger wore a pair of sciffars in his pocket, * SCISSURE. n. s. [sciffum, Latin.] A crack; a (2.) SCITUATE, a fea-port town of Maffachu- (I.) SCIURUS, in botany, a genus of the mo- SCIURUS AROMATICA, a native of Guiana, (II.) SCIURUS, in zoology, the SQUIRREL; a membranes extended from the fore to the hind legs, by which they are enabled to bear themselves in the air, when leaping from one tree to another; from this circumftance the genus is very properly broken into two fubdivifions, diftinguished by the want or poffeffion of this membrane." The former are called Sciuri Scandentes, or Climbing Squirrels; the latter PETAURI, or Flying Squirrels. Mr Kerr enumerates 31 fpecies, and 12 varieties of the former; and 8 fpecies with 2 varieties of the latter. 1. SCIURUS ABYSSINICUS, the Abyffinian squirrel, is of a rusty black colour on the back; the fore feet and belly grey; the tail 1 feet long. It inhabits Abyffinia. It is thrice the fize of the common fpecies; the nose and foles of the feet are flesh coloured. One was purchased by Thevenot at Moco in Arabia from an Abyffinian. It was good-natured and sportive; eat of every thing but flesh, and cracked the hardest almonds. 2, 1. SCIURUS ESTUANS, the Brafilian Squirrel, is of a dufky colour, tinged with yellowish on the upper part of the body; the infide of the legs and belly yellow, with a white stripe along the middle of the belly; the tail is round and annulated with black and yellow. (Pennant.) They inhabit Brafil and Guiana. The ears are plain and roundish, the fur soft, the head and body 8 inches, the tail 10. ii. SCIURUS ESTUANS FASCIATUS, the Atriped Brafilian squirrel, is a variety of a mixed dusky and yellow colour, with white ftripes on the fides, and a black tail. 3. SCIURUS ALBIPES, the white-legged squirrel, has ears flightly tufted with black hair; the head, upper parts of the body, fides and toes, reddifh brown; the under parts and legs white, as well as the face, nofe, under fide of the neck, infide of the ears, breaft, belly, fore legs, and infide of the hind thighs; the tail is long and covered with dufky hair, much fhorter than in the common fpecies. They inhabit Ceylon. 4. SCIURUS ANOMALUS, the Georgian squirrel, is of a yellow colour, mixed with dufky on the upper parts and tail; the under parts a dull tawny; the ears plain and rounded, flame yellow, whitifh within; the circumference of the mouth is white; the tip of the nose black; the cheeks tawny; the whiskers and region of the eyes dufky. This fpecies is larger than the common fquirrel; they inhabit Georgia in Afia. 5. SCIURUS BADJING, the Plantane squirrel, or Badjing of the Malays, is of a pale red chefnut colour, with a yellow ftripe along each fide. It resembles the common fquirrel, but is lighter coloured; it lives much among plantane and tamarind trees; it is very shy, and on the approach of a man runs off, making a great noife among the dry leaves. They inhabit Java and Prince's Inland. 6. SCIURUS BANCROFTI, the Cayenne squirrel, is of a pale yellowish brown colour on the upper parts; the fides and belly white; the tail very long, hairy, and spotted. It is the fize of the common squirrel. They inhabit Guiana. 7. SCIURUS BICOLOR, the Javan squirrel, has the upper parts of the body black, the under tawny; the thumbs are provided with large, round flat nails: the ears are plain, hairy, and fharp pointed The head and body are about a foot long; the tail is a foot, tipt with black; the under parts are light brown; the hind feet black; the claws on the fore feet fharp, except the nail on the fifth toe; the thumbs are very fhort. They inhabit Java. 8. SCIURUS CAPENSIS, the Cape squirrel, is of a pale ferruginous colour on the upper parts of the body, mixed with black; with a white line from the fhoulder, along each fide; the tail is black in the middle, and hoary at the fides; the ears are scarcely apparent, whence M. Pennant calls it the Earlefs Dormouse. This species never climbs trees, but burrows in the ground, forming a warm neft, with a round hole; in which it lodges, clofing up the orifice. It feeds on bulbous roots, especially potatoes; it is very tame, and never offers to bite; walks on its hind feet; often lies flat on its belly, and flirts up its tail. The head is flat, with a blunt nofe, full black eyes, divided upper lip, and long whiskers; the belly and feet a dirty white; there is a white line above each eye; the toes are long and diftinct, with a large knob on each foot, for a thumb; the claws are long; the hind legs black and naked behind. It is the fize of the common squirrel, but much broader and flatter. They inhabit near Mount Sneeberg, 800 miles N. of the Cape of Good Hope. 9. SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS, the Carolina squirrel, is of a grey colour, mixed on the head back and fides, with white and ruft colour; the belly is white, divided from the fides by a rufty line; the tail is brown mixed with black, and edged with white; the ears are plain. It is lefs than the common squirrel, and inhabits Carolina. 10. SCIURUS CINEREUS, the grey squirrel, with plain ears; hair of a dull grey colour, mixed with black, and often tinged with dirty yellow; belly and infide of the legs white; tail long, bufhy, grey, and striped with black; fize of a half-grown rabbit. It inhabits the woods of Northern Afia, North America, Peru, and Chili; are very numerous in North America, and do incredible damage to the plantations of maize; run up the stalks and eat the young ears; defcend in vaft flocks from the mountains, and join those that inhabit the lower parts; are profcribed by the provinces, and a reward of 3d. per head given for every one that is killed. Such a number was deftroyed one year, that Pennsylvania alone paid in rewards 8000l. of its currency. They make their nefts in hollow trees, with mofs, ftraw, wool, &c. feed on maize in the season, and on pine-cones, acorns, and maft of all kinds; form holes under ground, and there depofit a large ftock of winter provifion; defcend from the trees, and vifit their magazines when in want of meat; are particularly bufy at the approach of bad weather; during the cold feafon keep in their neft for several days together; feldom leap from tree to tree, only run up and down the bodies; their hoards are often deftroyed by fwine; when their magazines are covered with deep fnow, the squirrels often perish for want of food; they are not eafily fhot, nimbly changing their place when they fee the gun levelled; have the actions of the common fquirrel; are eafily tamed; and their flesh is efteemed esteemed very delicate. Their furs, which are imported under the name of petit-gris, are valuable, and ufed as linings to cloaks. See pl. CCXCV. II. SCIURUS DEGUS, the Chilese squirrel, is of a dufky yellow colour, with a black line on the fhoulders. It resembles the white dormoufe (fee MYOXUS, N° 2.), but does not become torpid in winter. It has a fhort head and sharp fnout; the ears are rounded; the tail is bufhy, and of the colour of the body. They inhabit Chili, dwelling in numerous focieties, burrowing under ground, and feeding on roots and fruits, of which they lay up great quantities for winter provisions. 12. SCIURUS DSCHINCHICUS, the Carnatic or Gingee squirrel, is of a brick-duft red colour, with whire ftripes on the fides, and white orbits; having a black tail. It is larger than the common squirrel. They inhabit the province of Dfchinchi, or Gingee, in India. 13. SCIURUS ERYTHRÆUS, the ruddy squirrel, is of a yellow colour, mixed with dufky, on the upper parts; the under parts blood-red mixed with tawny; the tail the fame, with a longitudinal blackith ftripe; the ears flightly tufted. It is larger than the common fquirrel; the fore paws have a large protuberance instead of a thumb. They inhabit India. 14. SCIURUS FLAVUS, the fair squirrel, with the body and tail of a flaxen colour; of a very fmall fize, with plain round ears, and rounded tail. Inhabits the woods near Amadabad, the capital of Guzerat, in great abundance, leaping from tree to tree. Linnæus fays it is an inhabitant of Carthagena in South America. 15. SCIURUS GETULUS, the Barbary squirrel, is of a reddish colour on the upper parts, with two longitudinal white ftripes on each fide. It refembles the palm fquirrel (fee N° 24.) in appearance and manners. The belly is white, the tail bufhy, marked with alternate fhades of black and reddith afh colour; the fore paws have only four toes, and no thumb; the claws are black. It is five inches long. They inhabit Barbary. 16. SCIURUS GUAJANENSIS, the Guiana squirrel, is of a small fize and reddish colour. It is fierce, and bites feverely, yet may be easily tamed. It is no larger than a rat, and lives folitary in the woods on trees, feeding on the feeds of the maripa, aura, and comana. The female has only two young ones once a year. They inhabit Cayenne. 17. SCIURUS HUDSONIUS, the Labradore squirrel, is of a ferruginous colour along the back, the fides paler, and the belly afh colour mottled with black; the tail is like the back, but barred and tipt with black; the ears are plain. It is fmaller than the common fquirrel, and apt to vary in colour, especially to greyish. They inhabit the pine foreft of Labradore, and round Hudson's Bay. 8. SCIURUS INDICUS, the Bombay squirrel, is of a dull purple colour on the head, back, fides, and upper parts of the legs and thighs: the belly and lower parts yellow; the tail tipt with orange; the ears tufted. The head and body are 16 inches long; the tail 17. They inhabit India, near Bombay. 19. SCIURUS MACROURUS, the Ceylon squirrel, has a tail of a light grey colour, twice the length of the body and very bufhy; black hair on the back, forehead, fides, and haunches ; legs and belly yellow; the cheeks are yellow, marked with a bifurcated black ftroke, and red at their lower parts; between the ears is a yellow fpot. It is 3 times the fize of the common fquirrel. They inhabit Ceylon, and are called Bukkaia by the natives. 20. SCIURUS MADAGASCARENSIS, the Madegascar squirrel, in the flowness of its pace and general manners refembles the Sloth (fee BRADYPUS); but in the form of its tail, the number and form of its toes, five on each foot, and the number and arrangement of its teeth it is more nearly allied to the fquirrel. It lives in holes ander ground; is flothful, timid and fleeps much; it feeds chiefly on worms, picked from the hollows of trees by its toes. The middle toe on the fore feet is very long and naked; the thumb on the hind feet has a flat rounded nail. The ears are large, flattened, black, and covered thickly with rough hair; the face has two bunches of hair above the eyes, on the nofe and cheeks, and under the chin; the fur is of two forts, an under downy fleece like wool, of a pale tawny, with longer straight black hairs intermixed, the face and throat are of a pale whitish tawny colour; the tail is flattened, about 18 inches long, covered with thick fet white hair from the base to the middle, and the reft black: the toes on the fore paws are long; four of the claws on the hind feet are hooked and sharp-pointed. They inhabit the east fide of Madagascar. 21. SCIURUS MAXIMUS, the Malabar squirrel, is of a red brown colour on the upper parts; the under parts and tail black; the ears lightly tufted. It is about the fize of a large cat; has fmall erect ears, long hair, ftrong black claws, and a small protuberance inftead of a thumb on the fore paws, with a flat nail. They inhabit the Malabar coaft, and province of Mahe in India: feed chiefly on the milk of the cocoa nut, and have a loud fonorous voice. 22. SCIURUS MEXICANUS, the Mexican squirrel, is of a dufky afh or moufe colour. The male has feven, and the female five, longitudinal white ftripes along the back and tail. The fcrotum of the mate is large and pendulous. They are not quite fix inches long; the tail is a little longer, the ears are naked at the edges. They inhabit Mexico. Erxleban. Pennant. 23. SCIURUS NIGER, the black squirrel, with plain ears; sometimes wholly black, but often marked with white on the nofe, the neck, or end of the tail; the tail fhorter than that of the Cinereus, No 1o. the body equal. They inhabit the north of Afia, North America, and Mexico; breed and affociate in feparate troops; are equally numerous with the Cinereus, commit as great-ravages among the maize, make their nefts in the fame manner, and form magazines, for winter food. The fineft are taken near the lake Baikal, and about Barguzinfkoi Oltrog, upon the Upper Angara, in the district of Nertschinfk, which are the best in all Siberia; these continue black the whole year, the others grow rufty in fummer. 24. SCIURUS PALMARUM, the palm squirrel, is of a mixed black and red colour, with three longitudinal yellow ftripes on the back and fides; the tail is encircled with coarfe dirty yellow hair, and is barred with black. (Shreber.) This fpecies inhabit |