The Heat Balance of the Earth's Surface

air layer air temperature albedo amount of evaporation annual march Annual variations atmosphere average Berliand Budyko calculations of evaporation carbon dioxide Central Geophysical Observatory changes climatological calculations coefficient of exchange components of heat considerable continental climate daylight hours determining evaporation difference diurnal earth's surface effective outgoing radiation error evap evaporimeters exchange in soil expenditure of heat factors formula gradient heat balance components heat for evaporation humidity hydrometeorological hydrosphere investigations irrigation kg-cal/cm²/month kg-cal/cm²/year land surface latitudinal lithosphere loss of heat maps march of heat measurements meteorological method for calculating methods for determining moistening observations obtained ocean surface parameter period photosynthesis radiation balance regions relation equation relationship relative error runoff saturation deficit soil moisture Southern Hemisphere specific humidity steppe tion total radiation Trudy turbulent exchange turbulent heat emission turbulent heat exchange underlying surface USSR values of radiation vertical water balance water reservoirs water surface water vapor wind speed zones Zubenok