The Depth of Cold

absolute zero absorbed amount atoms blood body called carbon dioxide cent Chapter chemical cloud coil cold liquid colder compressed condense conductor containing convection cooling copper crystal Dewar effect electric electrons energy levels entropy evaporation expansion flow fluid freezing fuel gas thermometer gases glass glycerol happens He³ heat energy ice age increase inside insulation isotopes laboratories lambda point large number lattice layer liquefied liquid helium liquid hydrogen liquid methane liquid nitrogen liquid oxygen low temperatures lower magnetic field material measured melting metal methane method million mixture molecules nearly needed normal boiling point nucleus ordinary particles phonons physicists pipes possible produced properties pump radiation reach refrigerator room temperature round ruby semen skin snow solid space specific heat specific impulse specimen spin substance superconductivity superfluid tempera thermal conductivity tube ture vacuum valve vessel vibrations warm water vapour wavelength winter wire