Culture Contact and Language Convergence

appears Bajaw basic bilingualism borrowing Central Philippine century close coast cognate communities comparison considerable consonant contrast convergence cook cultural daughter languages direction discussed dispersion displayed distinction distribution East Mindanao elsewhere evidence Examples external Figure final fish Gloss groups included indicated inherited interaction Island Jolo kind land lexical linguistic loss marking meaning noted occurs percentage Philippine languages phonemic phonological possible present probably Proto reconstructed referent reflexes relationships replacement result rice Sama Sama-Bajaw scores semantic shared significant similar SLU languages social southern speakers speaking spoken structure subgroup suggests Sulu Table Tausug terminology trade TSG SLU variety various vocabulary vowel