Isotopes in the Earth SciencesSpringer Science & Business Media, 31.07.1988 - 648 Seiten 'The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible.' ALBERT EINSTEIN, 1950 The tremendous progress of recent years in the field of isotopes in the earth sciences has proved invaluable in attempting to solve a varied spectrum of geological and geochemical problems. The lunar exploration programmes provided rocks for analysis, stimulating refinements in mass spectrometry which were later used for terrestrial samples too. Among significant advances was the development of electrostatic tandem accelerator mass spectrometers allowing the precise measure ment of abundances of cosmic radionuclides. Also, new geochronometers were devised, for instance those dependent upon the radioactive decay of samarium-I47 to neodymium-I43, lutetium-176 to hafnium-176, rhenium-I87 to osmium-I87 and potassium-40 to calcium40, these supplementing prior dating methods. Their impact as regards the origin of igneous rocks was considerable. Isotopic compositions of neodymium, strontium, lead and hafnium in these rocks showed that magmas from the mantle are often crustally contaminated. In addition, isotopic compositions of carbon, oxygen and sulphur aided the elucidation of aspects of petrogenesis. These and many other facets of the subject are discussed in this book. |
Inhalt
Introduction | 3 |
Mass Spectrometry | 69 |
Dating Methods | 113 |
Uranium Thorium Lead Dating | 115 |
RubidiumStrontium Dating | 162 |
PotassiumArgon and Argon40Argon39 Dating | 201 |
Carbon14 Dating | 247 |
Tritium Dating | 264 |
Other Dating Methods | 270 |
Environmental Isotopes | 369 |
Environmental Isotopes in the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere | 371 |
Isotopes in the Biosphere | 452 |
Isotopes in the Lithosphere | 470 |
Isotopes in Palaeoclimatology | 508 |
Radioactive Waste | 531 |
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Häufige Begriffe und Wortgruppen
8¹³C 834S values abundance Acta activity alpha alpha decay analyses argon atmosphere atomic number basalts beta calcium carbon isotope chemical chondritic CO₂ concentrations contain Cosmochim crust crystallization decay constant deposition derived determined Earth Planet effect electron element emission energy enriched equation equilibration equilibrium feldspar fission track fission track dates foraminifera formation fractionation factors Geochim Geol geological granite groundwater hafnium half-life hydrogen igneous rocks increase initial irradiation isochron isotope composition isotope fractionation isotope ratios K-Ar dates lead Lett magma mantle mass spectrometer measured metamorphic meteorites minerals neodymium neutron nuclear nucleus nuclides obtained occurring oceans oxygen oxygen isotope particles potassium Precambrian produced proton radiation radioactive decay radiocarbon radiogenic radioisotope radionuclides Rb-Sr reactions reactor relevant result sample sea water sediments Sr/Sr ratios stable isotope strontium sulphate sulphur surface temperature terrestrial thorium tritium U-Pb uranium variations volcanic zircons
Beliebte Passagen
Seite v - The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible," Albert Einstein has been quoted as saying.21 Perhaps we may now venture to differ from this suggestion of incomprehensibility.