Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History C. 1071-1330

akhis Akseray Aleppo Alexis Alp Arslan Amasya Anatolia Antalya Antioch Arabic Armenian army Artukid Asia Minor authority Ayyubid Bakr Baybars brother Byzantine Byzantium Caliph Central Asia Christian Cilicia Comnenus conquest Constantinople Crusade Danishmendid dynasty earlier eastern emirs Empire Erzinjān Erzurum established Euphrates existed fact Fakhr al-Din Fakhr al-Din Ali fourteenth century frontier futuwwa Germiyan Greek Ibn Bibi Ilkhānid important iqtā Iran Iranian Islam Izz al-Din Jalāl al-Din Karamanids Karatay Kastamonu Kay-kāūs Kay-kubādh Kaykhusraw Kaykhusraw II Kayseri Khwarizmians Kilij Kïlïj Arslan known Konya land later madrasas Malatya Malik-Shāh Mamluk Mas'ud merchants Mesopotamia Mongol Mongol period Moreover mosques Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Muslim native Nicaea Oghuz Ottoman perhaps Persian pervāne political possible princes principal province régime region remained Rukn al-Din Rūm Seljukid Shams al-Din Shi'i Sinope Sivas Sulayman Sultan Syria Taurus territory thirteenth century tion Tokat town Trebizond Tughrïl Turcomans Turkish Turks twelfth century vassal vizier waqf