Cobalt Conservation Through Technological Alternatives

acid Alnico amount of cobalt applications Bureau of Mines casting catalysts cathodes cemented carbides chalcopyrite chemical coating Cobalt cathodes cobalt consumption cobalt content cobalt oxide cobalt prices cobalt recovery cobalt refinery cobalt sulfide cobalt supply cobalt-base alloys cobalt-containing cobalt-free cobaltite concentrates conservation contained cobalt copper copper-cobalt cost currently Curwick driers electrowinning elements Engineering estimated extractive metallurgy Figure flotation flows of cobalt furnace grade hardfacing alloys high-speed steels hydrotreating important INCO increase industry ingot iron laterite magnetic materials manganese manufacture maraging steels melting metal million pounds minerals molybdenum nickel-base obsolete scrap operations Outokumpu Oxo process paint percent cobalt permanent magnet plant pounds of cobalt powder metallurgy PRECIPITATION PRESSURE LEACHING production prompt scrap quantities rapid solidification RE-Co magnets recovered recycling reduced refined Research solution stockpile substitution sulfide superalloys Table tons of cobalt tool steels turbine U.S. Bureau U.S. Department wrought Zaire Zambia