The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century

Abaelard abbot Adelard of Bath ancient annals Anselm Arabic archbishop Aristotle astrology Bernard Bible bishop Bologna canon law Carolingian centre chapter Chartres chiefly Christian chronicle church Cicero classical Constantinople copied court Crusades early ecclesiastical edition eleventh century empire England English Europe feudal France Frederick French Gerard of Cremona German glosses Goliardic grammar Gratian Greek and Arabic Henry historians intellectual Irnerius Italian Italy John of Salisbury king later Latin learning letters literary literature logic Lombard manuscripts master medicine Michael Scot Middle Ages modern monastery monastic monk Norman Orleans Otto Otto of Freising Ovid Oxford papal Paris period philosophy poems poetry poets Pope popular Priscian prose religious Renaissance revival rhetoric Roman law Rome saints Salerno scholars Sicily Spain texts theology thirteenth century tion tradition translated treatises tury twelfth century vernacular verse versions volumes Walter Map writings